Music History Final Terms 314 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
African American Spiritual
answer
; free rhythm; moaning; repitition of melody and lyrics; strophic form; hopeful texts; old testament inspiration; double meaning with underground railroad
question
cyclicism
answer
Opening theme in the first movement is superimposed on the main theme of the finale
question
developing variation
answer
Term coined by Arnold Schoenberg for the process of deriving new themes, accompaniments, and other ideas throughout a piece through variations of a germinal idea.
question
Societe National de Musique
answer
An association established in 1871 to promote works by French composers.
question
opera lyrique
answer
French comic opera; light French comic opera, which used spoken dialogue instead of recitatives; later referred to any opera with spoken dialogue
question
operetta
answer
Sometimes called light opera. Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas were comic musical shows, poking fun at the conventions of serious opera and at virtually everything else
question
Orientalism
answer
the musical representation of non-European peoples
question
patter song
answer
setting of humorous words sung very rapidly, with comic effect
question
verismo
answer
(realism) a style of Italian opera appearing in the 1890's in short works in which characters from lower social strata are driven by the passions to violent acts.
question
atonal
answer
music that lacks a tonal center, absence of key
question
decadence
answer
The Freudian connection between desire and death
question
Expressionism
answer
an early twentieth-century art movement that emphasized the artist's personal, subjective expression of inner experiences
question
grundgestalt
answer
The basic shape of a piece - The phrase that contains the essential material - The phrase that everything in the piece can be derived from - ESCHBEG, Schoenberg's name written in the music using the German notations, serves as a Grundgestalt in many of his and Berg's pieces
question
klangfarbenmelodie
answer
"Tone-color-melody" Taking one melodic idea and sharing it in other parts because the other instruments give it different colors and timbre.
question
Maximalism
answer
Quality of excessive redundancy oft exhibited by way of the overt accumulation of appurtenances that reflect current society; extreme romanticism
question
Modernism
answer
genre of art and literature that makes a self-conscious break with previous genres
question
Monodrama
answer
a script written to be performed by a single actor; more popularly referred to as a one-man show or a one-woman show; it may vary in length, so we have a short monodrama, a one-act monodrama, or a full-length monodrama.
question
Pantonal
answer
A single transcendent, all-encompassing tonality; the term preferred by Schoenberg to describe his music, rather than the term "atonal", which he consider pejorative; characterized by the elimination of the tonal hierarchy of the scale, replaced by composition "with twelve tones the [the chromatic scale] which are related only with one another"
question
Second Viennese School
answer
name given to composer Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils Alban Berg adn Anton Webern; represents the first efforts in twelve tone compostion
question
Sprechstimme
answer
a style of dramatic vocalization between singing and speaking. Developed by Schoenberg
question
ballet d'action
answer
1. movement should be technical/ emotional 2. Plots should be unified in design 3. Costumes, music, and plot should reflect one another and suit the theme 4. Pantomime should be simplified
question
Ballets Russes
answer
a ballet company established in 1909 by the Russian impresario Serge Diaghilev. Infamous for Rites of Spring.
question
Impressionism
answer
Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.
question
melodie
answer
a French art song of the 19th century
question
octatonic
answer
any eight-note musical scale. Among the most famous of these is a scale in which the notes ascend in alternating intervals of a whole step and a half step.
question
primitivism
answer
an early 20th century artistic movement which was attracted to the directness, instinctivness and exoticism nonurban cultures
question
symbolism
answer
an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images
question
synesthesia
answer
a condition in which one type of sensory stimulation creates perception in another sense
question
whole-tone scale
answer
a six-note scale each pitch of which is a whole tone away from the next
question
aggregate harmonies
answer
"ultimate" chords, each containing all twelve pitches of the chromatic scale
question
ethnomusicology
answer
comparative study of music as an aspect of culture and society
question
magyar nota
answer
"Hungarian music", specifically urban popular music derived largely from Romani (gypsy) culture; misunderstood as indigenous Hungarian music by Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms, and others; distinguished from nepdalok ("folk music"), the peasant music that Bela Bartok and Zoltan Kodaly studied
question
mystic chord
answer
A complex six-note chord, scale, or pitch collection which loosely serves as the harmonic and melodic basis for some late pieces by Alexander Scriabin; its lack of half-steps excludes that interval's role in the major/minor tonal system
question
polytonality
answer
music that uses two or more different keys at the same time
question
speech melodies
answer
Short speech units recorded in music notation by Leos Janacek, who believed that these revealed subliminal thoughts and emotions unexpressed by the words alone; the basis of his operatic vocal writing
question
style hongrois
answer
A 19th century Viennese belief that the urban gypsy music it had imported was native to Hungary, rural, and exotic, none of which was true; however, the belief was widespread enough to result in numerous "Hungarian" pieces, notably by Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms
question
Transcendentalism
answer
a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.
question
verbunkos
answer
Originally, Hungarian military recruiting music, drawn from native popular song, but performed in a gypsy manner; later incorporated into style hongoris dance music
question
zaruela
answer
Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and popular song, as well as dance.
question
Inversion
answer
(counterpoint) a variation of a melody or part in which ll ascending intervals are replaced by descending intervals and vice versa
question
neoclassicism
answer
A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.
question
prime
answer
from the form of a twelve tone row, the "prime" is an ordering that determines other related rows in four different ways.
question
retrograde
answer
move in a direction contrary to the usual one
question
serialism
answer
20th century music that uses of a definite order of notes as a thematic basis for a musical composition
question
Society for Private Musical Performances
answer
A concert series founded by Shoenberg in Vienna in 1918, to make carefully rehearsed Modern music available to general audiences; it was subsidized by subscriptions, by member contributions, and by occasional donations from wealthy patrons; its offerings were not advertised in the papers; critics were barred from attending; subscribers were not informed of the programs in advance to ensure regular attendance, and applause was forbidden. By 1921, the organization folded, having given 353 performances of 1514 works in a total of 117 concerts
question
tone row
answer
particular ordering of the twelve chromatic tones, from which all pitches in a twelve tone composition are derived.
question
twelve-tone technique
answer
Arrangement of the twelve chromatic pitches into a row that provides the melodic and harmonic basis for a music composition
question
blue note
answer
a slight drop of pitch on the third, fifth, or seventh tone of the scale, common in blues and jazz.
question
call and response
answer
A musical statement by a singer or instrumentalist that is answered by other singers or instrumentalists.
question
collage
answer
work of art put together from fragments
question
defamiliarization
answer
the technique of making the familiar seem new and strange, and thus making us see more vividly
question
Gebrauchsmusik
answer
(German "utilitarian music" of "music for use") Term from the 1920s to describe music that was socially relevant and useful, especially music for amateurs, children, or workers to play or sing
question
jazz
answer
a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles
question
Les Six
answer
French group of young composers, neoclassical and non-political, early 20C, sought freedom from musical foreign domination, goal: wholly French music (anti-Romantic) Arthur Honegger Darius Milhaud Francis Poulenc Germaine Tailleferre (woman) Georges Auric Louis Durey (later left the group)
question
musicals
answer
Genre involved with the use of music to tell the story and generally mix up the songs with spoken words
question
Neue Sachlichkeit
answer
(New Objectivity) An art movement that grew directly out of the World War I experiences of a group of German artists who sought to show the horrors of the war and its effects.
question
polytonality
answer
music that uses two or more different keys at the same time
question
ragtime
answer
rhythm in which the accompaniment is strict two-four time and the melody, with improvised embellishments, is in steady syncopation.
question
rhapsody
answer
Speech or writing expressing great pleasure or enthusiasm.
question
Roaring Twenties
answer
the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times prosperity and excitement
question
Surrealism
answer
a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of Dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams
question
Syncopation
answer
temporary irregularity in musical rhythm
question
the blues
answer
music that became popular around 1900, based on black folk music including field hollers & work chants.
question
Tin Pan Alley
answer
a city district (originally in New York) where composers and publishers of popular music do business , is the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
question
underscoring
answer
music behind the action used to create mood or indicate emotion
question
zeitoper
answer
"Time Opera" - An opera 'of the times' that had a purpose (usually a modern allegory).
question
communism
answer
a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
question
fascism
answer
A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.
question
mass song
answer
A choral song with lyrics designed to promote the Communist ideology, first in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, later in Communist parties throughout the world
question
propaganda
answer
material distributed by those in favor of a specific cause and reflecting their point of view
question
Socialist Realism
answer
Attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism.
question
Futurism
answer
an Italian movement begun shortly before and during WWI. It depicted dynamic movement and stressed the violence and speed of the Machine Age. They advocated revolution and glorified war.(Balla, Severini, Boccioni)
question
microtones
answer
Intervals smaller than a half step
question
modes of limited transposition
answer
Messiaen. Includes scales like the whole tone and octatonic scales. Some of these modes were extracted from significant 20th century works, not by Messiaen. Post WWII traditionalism
question
New Deal
answer
the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented to recovery from the economic depression.
question
nonretrogradable rhythms
answer
The same forwards and backwards (palindrome). By definition are asymmetric. Coined/Used primarily by Messiaen
question
Popular Front
answer
Combination of Socialist and Communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938.
question
quarter tones
answer
Pitches smaller than the half steps of the piano
question
tone clusters
answer
Pianist strikes a large length of adjacent keys by smashing down forearm. Pitch values no longer audible as discrete notes, but strike the ear as a mass sound. Like Stravinsky's polychord
question
ultra-modern
answer
extremely modern
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New