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African American Spiritual

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; free rhythm; moaning; repitition of melody and lyrics; strophic form; hopeful texts; old testament inspiration; double meaning with underground railroad

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cyclicism

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Opening theme in the first movement is superimposed on the main theme of the finale

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developing variation

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Term coined by Arnold Schoenberg for the process of deriving new themes, accompaniments, and other ideas throughout a piece through variations of a germinal idea.

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Societe National de Musique

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An association established in 1871 to promote works by French composers.

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opera lyrique

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French comic opera; light French comic opera, which used spoken dialogue instead of recitatives; later referred to any opera with spoken dialogue

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operetta

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Sometimes called light opera. Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas were comic musical shows, poking fun at the conventions of serious opera and at virtually everything else

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Orientalism

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the musical representation of non-European peoples

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patter song

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setting of humorous words sung very rapidly, with comic effect

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verismo

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(realism) a style of Italian opera appearing in the 1890's in short works in which characters from lower social strata are driven by the passions to violent acts.

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atonal

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music that lacks a tonal center, absence of key

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decadence

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The Freudian connection between desire and death

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Expressionism

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an early twentieth-century art movement that emphasized the artist's personal, subjective expression of inner experiences

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grundgestalt

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The basic shape of a piece - The phrase that contains the essential material - The phrase that everything in the piece can be derived from - ESCHBEG, Schoenberg's name written in the music using the German notations, serves as a Grundgestalt in many of his and Berg's pieces

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klangfarbenmelodie

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"Tone-color-melody" Taking one melodic idea and sharing it in other parts because the other instruments give it different colors and timbre.

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Maximalism

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Quality of excessive redundancy oft exhibited by way of the overt accumulation of appurtenances that reflect current society; extreme romanticism

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Modernism

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genre of art and literature that makes a self-conscious break with previous genres

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Monodrama

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a script written to be performed by a single actor; more popularly referred to as a one-man show or a one-woman show; it may vary in length, so we have a short monodrama, a one-act monodrama, or a full-length monodrama.

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Pantonal

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A single transcendent, all-encompassing tonality; the term preferred by Schoenberg to describe his music, rather than the term "atonal", which he consider pejorative; characterized by the elimination of the tonal hierarchy of the scale, replaced by composition "with twelve tones the [the chromatic scale] which are related only with one another"

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Second Viennese School

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name given to composer Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils Alban Berg adn Anton Webern; represents the first efforts in twelve tone compostion

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Sprechstimme

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a style of dramatic vocalization between singing and speaking. Developed by Schoenberg

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ballet d'action

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1. movement should be technical/ emotional 2. Plots should be unified in design 3. Costumes, music, and plot should reflect one another and suit the theme 4. Pantomime should be simplified

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Ballets Russes

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a ballet company established in 1909 by the Russian impresario Serge Diaghilev. Infamous for Rites of Spring.

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Impressionism

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Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.

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melodie

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a French art song of the 19th century

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octatonic

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any eight-note musical scale. Among the most famous of these is a scale in which the notes ascend in alternating intervals of a whole step and a half step.

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primitivism

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an early 20th century artistic movement which was attracted to the directness, instinctivness and exoticism nonurban cultures

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symbolism

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an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images

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synesthesia

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a condition in which one type of sensory stimulation creates perception in another sense

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whole-tone scale

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a six-note scale each pitch of which is a whole tone away from the next

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aggregate harmonies

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"ultimate" chords, each containing all twelve pitches of the chromatic scale

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ethnomusicology

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comparative study of music as an aspect of culture and society

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magyar nota

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"Hungarian music", specifically urban popular music derived largely from Romani (gypsy) culture; misunderstood as indigenous Hungarian music by Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms, and others; distinguished from nepdalok ("folk music"), the peasant music that Bela Bartok and Zoltan Kodaly studied

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mystic chord

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A complex six-note chord, scale, or pitch collection which loosely serves as the harmonic and melodic basis for some late pieces by Alexander Scriabin; its lack of half-steps excludes that interval's role in the major/minor tonal system

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polytonality

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music that uses two or more different keys at the same time

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speech melodies

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Short speech units recorded in music notation by Leos Janacek, who believed that these revealed subliminal thoughts and emotions unexpressed by the words alone; the basis of his operatic vocal writing

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style hongrois

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A 19th century Viennese belief that the urban gypsy music it had imported was native to Hungary, rural, and exotic, none of which was true; however, the belief was widespread enough to result in numerous "Hungarian" pieces, notably by Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms

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Transcendentalism

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a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

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verbunkos

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Originally, Hungarian military recruiting music, drawn from native popular song, but performed in a gypsy manner; later incorporated into style hongoris dance music

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zaruela

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Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and popular song, as well as dance.

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Inversion

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(counterpoint) a variation of a melody or part in which ll ascending intervals are replaced by descending intervals and vice versa

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neoclassicism

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A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.

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prime

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from the form of a twelve tone row, the "prime" is an ordering that determines other related rows in four different ways.

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retrograde

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move in a direction contrary to the usual one

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serialism

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20th century music that uses of a definite order of notes as a thematic basis for a musical composition

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Society for Private Musical Performances

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A concert series founded by Shoenberg in Vienna in 1918, to make carefully rehearsed Modern music available to general audiences; it was subsidized by subscriptions, by member contributions, and by occasional donations from wealthy patrons; its offerings were not advertised in the papers; critics were barred from attending; subscribers were not informed of the programs in advance to ensure regular attendance, and applause was forbidden. By 1921, the organization folded, having given 353 performances of 1514 works in a total of 117 concerts

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tone row

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particular ordering of the twelve chromatic tones, from which all pitches in a twelve tone composition are derived.

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twelve-tone technique

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Arrangement of the twelve chromatic pitches into a row that provides the melodic and harmonic basis for a music composition

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blue note

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a slight drop of pitch on the third, fifth, or seventh tone of the scale, common in blues and jazz.

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call and response

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A musical statement by a singer or instrumentalist that is answered by other singers or instrumentalists.

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collage

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work of art put together from fragments

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defamiliarization

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the technique of making the familiar seem new and strange, and thus making us see more vividly

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Gebrauchsmusik

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(German "utilitarian music" of "music for use") Term from the 1920s to describe music that was socially relevant and useful, especially music for amateurs, children, or workers to play or sing

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jazz

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a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles

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Les Six

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French group of young composers, neoclassical and non-political, early 20C, sought freedom from musical foreign domination, goal: wholly French music (anti-Romantic) Arthur Honegger Darius Milhaud Francis Poulenc Germaine Tailleferre (woman) Georges Auric Louis Durey (later left the group)

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musicals

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Genre involved with the use of music to tell the story and generally mix up the songs with spoken words

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Neue Sachlichkeit

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(New Objectivity) An art movement that grew directly out of the World War I experiences of a group of German artists who sought to show the horrors of the war and its effects.

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polytonality

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music that uses two or more different keys at the same time

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ragtime

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rhythm in which the accompaniment is strict two-four time and the melody, with improvised embellishments, is in steady syncopation.

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rhapsody

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Speech or writing expressing great pleasure or enthusiasm.

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Roaring Twenties

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the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times prosperity and excitement

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Surrealism

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a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of Dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams

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Syncopation

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temporary irregularity in musical rhythm

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the blues

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music that became popular around 1900, based on black folk music including field hollers & work chants.

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Tin Pan Alley

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a city district (originally in New York) where composers and publishers of popular music do business , is the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

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underscoring

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music behind the action used to create mood or indicate emotion

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zeitoper

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"Time Opera" - An opera 'of the times' that had a purpose (usually a modern allegory).

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communism

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a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

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fascism

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A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.

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mass song

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A choral song with lyrics designed to promote the Communist ideology, first in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, later in Communist parties throughout the world

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propaganda

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material distributed by those in favor of a specific cause and reflecting their point of view

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Socialist Realism

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Attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism.

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Futurism

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an Italian movement begun shortly before and during WWI. It depicted dynamic movement and stressed the violence and speed of the Machine Age. They advocated revolution and glorified war.(Balla, Severini, Boccioni)

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microtones

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Intervals smaller than a half step

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modes of limited transposition

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Messiaen. Includes scales like the whole tone and octatonic scales. Some of these modes were extracted from significant 20th century works, not by Messiaen. Post WWII traditionalism

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New Deal

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the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented to recovery from the economic depression.

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nonretrogradable rhythms

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The same forwards and backwards (palindrome). By definition are asymmetric. Coined/Used primarily by Messiaen

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Popular Front

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Combination of Socialist and Communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938.

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quarter tones

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Pitches smaller than the half steps of the piano

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tone clusters

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Pianist strikes a large length of adjacent keys by smashing down forearm. Pitch values no longer audible as discrete notes, but strike the ear as a mass sound. Like Stravinsky's polychord

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ultra-modern

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extremely modern

Music History Final Terms 314 – Flashcards

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