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•Ars Antiqua "Old Art"

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1150-1300

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Ars Nova "New Art"

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1300-1450

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Renaissance Period

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1450-1600

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Baroque Period

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1600-1750

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Classical Period

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1750-1820

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Romantic Period

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1820-1900

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Ars Antiqua

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Music during this period is characterized by adding harmonies to chants and having a sophisticated counterpoint. This type of music is also known as organum.

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Ars Nova

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This period saw the invention of modern notation and the growth in popularity of the motet. One type of music that emerged during this period is the round; wherein voices enter one after the other at regular periods, repeating exactly the same melody.

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Renaissance

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This period was generally performed a capella and features fuller more consonant sound than the medieval music

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Baroque

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It was during the 17th Century that the system of modes finally crumbled away. By adding accidentals the Major/Minor key system developed. The 17th Century also saw the invention of several new forms and designs, such as:Opera, Sonata, Oratorio, Suite, Fugue, and Concerto. The orchestra started to take shape, mainly in the strings, and the violins became the dominant instrument, and most important in orchestras.

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Classical

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With the enlightenment movement on the rise. Artists and musicians joined the social push toward order and reason. it was characterized by clarity and structure.

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Romantic

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In this period music moved from palace and church to the public concert hall. It extended the range of the orchestra.and the technique for writing.

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Pianississimo

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very very soft

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Pianissimo

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very soft

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Piano

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soft

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mezzo-piano

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Half soft

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mezzo-forte

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Half loud

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Forte

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Loud

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Fortissimo

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very loud

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Fortississimo

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very very loud

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Grave

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Solemn very very slow

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Largo

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Broad very slow

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Adagio

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Quite slow

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Andante

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Walking pace

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Moderato

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Moderate

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Allegro

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Fast (cheerful)

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Vivace

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lively

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Presto

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Very fast

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Monophonic

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Monophonic texture includes a single melodic line with no accompaniment.

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Polyphonic

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Multiple melodic voices which are to a considerable extent independent from or in imitation with one another.

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Homophonic

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The most common texture in Western music: melody and accompaniment. Multiple voices of which one, the melody, stands out prominently and the others form a background of harmonic accompaniment.

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Homophonic periods

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Classical and romatic

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Polyphonic period

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Ars antiqua, Ars nova, Renaissance, and Baroque periods

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Gregorian Chant

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monophonic singing over sacred Latin text

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Troubadours & Trouveres

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Aristocratic musicians, who traveled around playing poetry with music style songs.

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Madrigal

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it is a secular vocal music composition of the Renaissance and early Baroque eras. Traditionally, polyphonic madrigals are unaccompanied; the number of voices varies from two to eight, and most frequently from three to six.

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Motet

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It is a mainly vocal musical composition, of highly varied form and style, from the late medieval era to the present. The motet was one of the pre-eminent polyphonic forms of Renaissance music

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The school Notre Dame

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refers to the group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250, along with the music they produced.

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Word Painting

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is the musical technique of writing music that reflects the literal meaning of a song. For example, ascending scales would accompany lyrics about going up; slow, dark music would accompany lyrics about death.

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Cantus Firmus

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Cantus firmus, preexistent melody, such as a plainchant excerpt, underlying a polyphonic musical composition aka sampling

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Printing Press

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made it easier for writer to produce written work of music.

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Reformation

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it introduced monophonic congregational singing in christian worship

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Toccatta

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a musical composition for a keyboard instrument designed to exhibit the performer's touch and technique. used by Bach

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Fugue

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a contrapuntal composition in which a short melody or phrase (the subject) is introduced by one part and successively taken up by others and developed by interweaving the parts. used by Bach

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instrument design changes

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going from a basic lute and adding many courses

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Recitative

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musical declamation of the kind usual in the narrative and dialogue parts of opera and oratorio, sung in the rhythm of ordinary speech with many words on the same note.

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Opera

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a dramatic work in one or more acts, set to music for singers and instrumentalists.

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phonograph

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The phonograph is a device, invented in 1877, for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound

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gramophone

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a record player. The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc, called a "record"

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Perotin

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He was a European composer, believed to be French, who lived around the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century. He was the most famous member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the ars antiqua style.

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Leonin

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He was the first known significant composer of polyphonic organum. He was probably French, probably lived and worked in Paris at the Notre Dame Cathedral and was the earliest member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the ars antiqua style who is known by name

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Guillaume de Machaut

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He was a medieval French poet and composer. He is regarded by many musicologists as the greatest and most important composer of the 14th century. He is a part of the musical movement known as the ars nova. He helped develop the motet and secular song forms

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Josquin des Prez

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He was a French composer of the Renaissance. He wrote both sacred and secular music, and in all of the significant vocal forms of the age, including masses, motets, chansons and frottole. During the 16th century, he was praised for both his supreme melodic gift and his use of ingenious technical devices.

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Giovanni Pierluigi

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He was an Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music and the best-known 16th-century representative of the Roman School of musical composition. He had a lasting influence on the development of church music, and his work has often been seen as the culmination of Renaissance polyphony.

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Claudio Monteverdi

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He was an Italian composer, string player and choirmaster. A composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is considered a crucial transitional figure between the Renaissance and the Baroque periods of music history.

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Johann Sebastian Bach

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He was a German composer and musician of the Baroque period. He is known for instrumental compositions such as the Brandenburg Concertos and the Goldberg Variations, and vocal music such as the St Matthew Passion and the Mass in B minor. Since the 19th-century Bach Revival he has been generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time.

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Joseph Haydn

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He was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the piano trio[2] and his contributions to musical form have earned him the epithets "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet".

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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He was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. Born in Salzburg, he showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood. Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty. At 17, Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court, but grew restless and traveled in search of a better position.

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Ludwig van Beethoven

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He was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. His best-known compositions include 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, 1 violin concerto, 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, his great Mass the Missa solemnis, and one opera, Fidelio.

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Frederic Chopin

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He was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as a leading musician of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.

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Richard Wagner

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He was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is primarily known for his operas (or, as some of his later works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works. Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the romantic vein of Weber and Meyerbeer,

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