Motor learning Final – Flashcards
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What is Not true about Learning a It results in a relatively permanent change in behavior B.It is directly observable C.It is the result of practice and or experience D.All of the above are true
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It is directly observable
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What classifies a skill?
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The predictability of the environment in which the skill is performed The nature of their organization The degree of precision of their movements and corresponding size of the musculature used to perform the movement
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Which of the following is NOT true of motor skills? A.Body and/or limb movements are required B.They can be performed involuntarily C.They must be learned D.They are goal oriented
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the can be performed involuntarily
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Which of the following would be considered a closed skill? A.Putting a golf ball B.Returning a tennis serve C.Juggling D.Driving a car
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putting a golf ball
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Mountain biking, which requires the performer to continually adapt his or her responses to conform to the trail, would be considered what kind of skill?
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An open skill
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Which of the following is an example of a serial skill? A.Throwing a frisbee B.Rollerblading C.Serving a volleyball D.A floor routine in gymnastics
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A floor routine in gymnastic
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Which of the following skills has low inter-trial variability? A.Shot put B.Volleyball spike C.Golf putt D.Bunting
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Shot Put
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According to Gentile, the environmental factors that specifies the movement characteristics necessary for successful performance of a skill are known as
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Regulatory Conditions
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According to Gentile's multidimensional classification system, the simplest skill would be one whose
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Environmental context is stationary, involves no inter-trial variability or body transport and does not require object manipulation
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In regards to motor abilities what is true?
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A.We all have different abilities that enhance or limit our capability to become skilled B.There's no guarantee that we will become skilled; motor abilities only allow the potential to be skilled C.Practice and experience can help us realize our potential
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What does a task analysis allow?
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movement practitioners to determine the underlying motor abilities that are important for successful performance of a given skill or task.
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Although motor abilities are genetically inherited, with practice they can be changed and improved over time.
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False
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Perception
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the process by which meaning is attached to input?
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Practice for open skills should emphasize
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variability in the practice context.
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Direct perception
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The view that the relationship between perception and action is circular rather than relying on stored memory representation is known
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Hicks Law
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states that choice RT is logarithmically related to the number of stimulus choice alternatives.
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Which of the following is NOT true of response time? A.It is determined from the moment that a stimulus is presented to when a response is completed B.It is the combination of reaction time and movement time C.It should not exceed four seconds D.It is influenced by the number of response choices in a situation
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It should not exceed four seconds
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What would not influence movement time? A.Using little to no back swing B.Reduction in the length of the movement C.Reduction in the uncertainty of a situation D.Increase in the speed at which the movement is executed
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Reduction in the length of the movement
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The ability to attend to or focus on one specific item in the midst of countless stimuli is called:
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Selective attention
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The inverted U hypothesis
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captures the relationship between arousal and performance
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Instructions that induce an internal attentional focus
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Direct the learner to focus on their own body movements
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Reaction time
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The interval of time between the moment that a stimulus is presented to when a response is initiated
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zone of optimal functioning
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produces an attentional focus that is narrow enough to exclude irrelevant information, but broad enough to pick up the task-relevant information.
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Anxiety is an emotion that
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results from an individual's perception that a given situation is threatening.
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RT is dependent on
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the processing demands imposed by a given task/situation
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The warning signal + RT + MT = response time.
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False
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The degrees of freedom problem is based on which of the following?
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The number of elements or components of the system that have to be controlled
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The manipulation of variables within a movement pattern to meet the demands of a given situation is known as
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Control
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Which of the following is NOT considered an invariant feature? A.Relative force B.Sequence of actions or components C.Specification of muscles and or limbs D.Relative timing
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Specification of muscles and or limbs
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What is the name of the features of the generalized motor program that are flexible and define how to execute the program?
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Parameters
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What specifies the parameter values assigned to the generalized motor program?
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schema
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Which of the following is NOT a source of information used to develop one's schema? A.Sensory consequences B.Individual differences C.Response specifications D.Response outcome
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Individual Differences
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What is the difference between open and closed loop systems?
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Open loop runs as planned while closed loop can be modified
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ccording to the Dynamic System Theory, compressing available degrees of freedom into a single functional unit that is designed to carry out a specific task is called
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Self-organization
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Practitioners can create action possibilities that allow for the emergence of desired behaviors by doing what
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A. Altering playing area dimensions B.Moving a learner's limb into the desired position C.Scale the equipment used to match the developmental abilities of the learner
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Since being bedridden from pneumonia, Martha has lost some of her flexibility. As a result, she is no longer able to achieve certain yoga poses. The loss of flexibility in this situation is an example of what?
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A constraint A rate limiter
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What is a constraint? List two types & provide one example for each. Constraints are all of the factors,that limit or enable within the practice environment, that influence skill acquisition and performance.
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Environmental: Rain making a field muddy, which may hinder the performance of a soccer player. Social: Feeling embarrassed to learn a skill because it is not socially accepted within a society or age group.
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For a learner in the autonomous stage of learning, what is the role of the practitioner?
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Still involves practice design and error detection and correction
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Which of the following is a role that the practitioner NO LONGER plays when a learner is in the associative stage of learning? A.Design effective practice experiences B.Provide initial instructions C.Develop a learner's error detection and correction capabilities D.Provide feedback
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Provides initial instruction
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In the early stages of skill acquisition, a learner typically does what in regards to degrees of freedom
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freezes the degree of freedom
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What is true in regards to a beginner
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A.They are mechanically inefficient B.They are inconsistent C.They expend a large amount of energy
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In the fixation/diversification stage of Gentile's Stages of Learning model, which instructional strategy is recommended for closed skills with inter-trial variability?
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Diversification
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Practice situations with variations in both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions should be systematically introduced for which of the following types of skills?
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Closed skills with inter-trial variability Open skills
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Once a learner reaches the associative stage a key responsibility of the practitioner is to do what?
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A.Build on initial instructions and demonstrations provided in the initial stage of learning. B.Teach visual search strategies specific to the skill. C.Begin to reduce the amount and type of feedback.
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Which of the following is NOT true of performance curves? A.By examining successive trials, consistency can be inferred B.They are useful for establishing permanence C.The most common curve is the negatively accelerating curve D.The general direction of the curve is indicative of improvement
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they are useful for establishing permanence
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post test
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administered directly following the practice period
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What would best measure learning?
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A retention test
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Consciously attending to specific aspects of a well-learned movement can
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be detrimental to performance.
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Performance curves are the best measure of learning because they allow the practitioner to evaluate the degree of improvement and consistency as well as persistence and adaptability of the skill or movement pattern.
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False
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Retention tests are given immediately following a period of practice.
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False
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transfer test can be used to determine
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the degree to which the learner can adapt the skill or movement pattern to a novel situation.
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What is one of the easiest learning style variables to accommodate for motor skill learning?
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Perceptual mode
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Which of the following is NOT true of learning styles? A.A students preferred perceptual mode is often nothing more than a preference for tasks in which the student has a high ability and/or at which the student feels successful. B.Unless learning styles are accommodated, learning will not occur. C.An eclectic approach should be used in situations involving large groups. D.When learning style and instructional style match, learners are able to process information more effectively and achieve greater learning gains.
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Unless learning styles are accommodated, learning will not occur
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hen the learning of a new skill or its performance under novel conditions is influenced by past experience with another skill or skills, what is it known as?
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Transfer
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Transfer can be?
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A.Positive B.Negative C.Zero
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What are based on the principles of transfer?
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A.Skill progressions B.Lead up games C.Simulators
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What can be examined to determine the degree of similarity between two skills and assess the potential for positive transfer?
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A.The fundamental movement pattern B.The strategic and conceptual aspects of the game or task C.The perceptual, temporal, and spatial elements
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When applying the concept transfer to teaching, what is important?
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The skills referred to are well learned
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Which of the following is NOT true with regard to motivation? A.Motivation is an internal condition that incites and directs action or behavior. B.All learners are motivated to learn if the task is presented in an interesting manner. C.It influences the learner's receptivity to instruction. D.Lack of motivation hinders learning.
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All learners are motivated to learn if the task is presented in an interesting manner
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If a learner's past experience with badminton temporarily interferes with their learning of tennis __________ is said to have occurred.
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Negative transfer
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To what extent would you expect transfer to occur to a game situation from a volleyball drill that requires teammates to form a circle and bump the ball to the next person in a clockwise direction?
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Low
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No two individuals possess identical learning styles.
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True
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It is just as important to point out the differences between two skills as it is the similarities when attempting to capitalize on transfer.
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True
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What is true regarding Initial instructions that are highly detailed?
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They challenge the learner's attentional capacity
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Which of the following is NOT true of verbal cues? A.They are the same thing as key elements B.They are used prompt a movement or movement sequence C.They should be used repeatedly D.They should be concise
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They are the same things as key elements
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What does a learning model emphasize?
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Movement exploration
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What is discovery learning?
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A strategy where the learner attempts to solve a movement problem through the exploration of a variety of possible task solutions
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Practitioners should focus learner's attention
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to the critical elements of the motor skill being learned
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What technique would be optimal to check for understanding?
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Asking learners specific questions regarding the instructions just given
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What is the name of the theory that suggests the development of a cognitive representation of a skill from seeing a demonstration or model?
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The social cognitive theory of observational learning
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What is the key to the use of a learning model?
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The observer views another learner practicing the skill and hears the corresponding instructor feedback
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What is important to do before skill instruction begins?
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Capture the learner's undivided attention
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How should the initial demonstration be performed?
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Performed in real time
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Part-practice would be recommended when a skill is considered to have what kinds of complexity and organization?
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High task complexity / low task organization
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Which of the following skills would be considered high in task complexity? A.Hopping B.Picking up a cup C.High Jumping D.Putting
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High jumping
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Which of the following is considered low in task organization? A.A jump serve in volleyball B.Throwing a discus C.Pole vaulting D.An aerobics dance sequence
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An aerobics dance sequence
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The part-practice technique that separates skills into parts according to spatial or temporal elements of the skill is
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Segmentation
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The part-practice technique that reduces the level of difficulty of the task or some aspect of the task for the learner is
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Simplification
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The technique where two parts are practiced separately then combined once a criterion level has been achieved is
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Progressive part method
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What is governed by the speed-accuracy tradeoff?
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Skills that require spatial accuracy
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Bilateral transfer occurs between which of the following?
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Limbs
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he neuromuscular theory of imagery suggests that the act of visualizing oneself executing a movement does what
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Allows activation of the same neural pathways as the movement itself
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What movement principle laws state that "to perform a task accurately, performers will slow their movements as the distance to be moved increases or the size of the target decreases"?
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Fitts Law
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What goals that are concerned with the final result of a competition relative to one's opponent?
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Outcome goals
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A patient whose goal is to increase the number of steps she can take unassisted has set what kind of goal?
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Performance goal
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What goal focuses on self-improvement?
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Performance goals
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What goal direct a performer's focus to achieving some technical element during skill execution?
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Process goals
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A massed practice schedule would be the most effective for
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Discrete skills
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What is the term used to describe practice where the rest component between sessions or practice attempts is equal to or greater than the practice component?
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Distributed practice
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The explanation that suggests that random practice facilitates learning by causing temporary between trials forgetting of task solutions is called the ____________ hypothesis.
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Action plan reconstruction
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When should you begin to introduce elements of variable practice in the design and scheduling of practice tasks?
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Only after the learner has acquired the basic idea of the movement pattern
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Which of the following is NOT true of variable practice? A.It enhances the development of a learner's schema B.It leads to better performance during practice C.It enhances a learner's ability to accurately select appropriate parameter values to accomplish a movement goal D.It facilitates transfer
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It leads to better performance during practice
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What would be an example of implementing random practice to "practice" three different skills? A.Performing 10 successive trials at each of the three skills B.Performing one trial of each of the three skills over 10 rotations C.Performing 30 successive trials of one skill D.Performing five trials of each skill, repeating the rotation twice
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Performing one trial of each of the three skills over 10 rotations
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If a golfer lines up 30 balls and putts them from the exact same spot on the green to the exact same hole each time, the golfer is using what type of practice?
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Constant practice Blocked practice
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When implementing variable practice, which of the following should be manipulated for skills whose objective is the consistent and accurate replication of a movement pattern? A.Both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions B.Non-regulatory conditions C.Variable practice should not be used for closed skills with inter-trial variability D.Regulating conditions
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Non-regulatory conditions
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Repeated blocked practice provides _________ contextual interference.
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Moderate
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Low contextual interference would occur when practice trials are organized following a ___________ schedule vs. when practice trials are organized following a ______________schedule creating high contextual interference.
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Blocked - random
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Contextual interference should be avoided at all costs.
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False
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Long term retention of a motor skill is best achieved by practicing a skill repeatedly before moving to a different version of the task or a different task altogether.
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False
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a teaching method that can easily be designed to incorporate both variable and random practice.
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Stations
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Learning is enhanced when longer, less frequent practice sessions are scheduled.
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False
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What can be a source for errors in performance?
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A.Equipment B.Fear/Anxiety C.The structure of a drill or task
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When an error occurs because learners do not understand what you want them to do, the error falls into What category
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Comprehension errors
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perceptual errors occur when the learner does what?
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A.Doesn't know what cues to look for in the environment B.Can't distinguish between task relevant and irrelevant stimuli C.Focuses his or her attention on the wrong cues
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f a racquetball player chooses the appropriate shot for a given situation but mis-hits the ball, he or she is making an error in what?
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Execution
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Providing reminders is an appropriate correction for what error
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Recall errors
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teaching a learner how to systematically look for key performance characteristics when assessing a situation will resolve which kinds of errors?
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Decision-making errors
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When a learner is trying to replace an established movement pattern with a new one, they will likely display which kinds of errors?
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Errors in neuromuscular coordination
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Which of the following would be considered as a sensory error? A.The learner failed to see important cues because he or she didn't know what to look for B.The learner failed to see important cues because he or she didn't know how to read game situations C.The learner failed to see important cues because he or she didn't know where in the environment to look for them D.The learner failed to see important cues because he or she was in mid-blink
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The learner failed to see important cues because he or she was in mid blink
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corrections that involve a fundamental changes in a well-learned movement pattern are often the most time consuming to correct because:
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A.the learner reverts back to the cognitive stage of learning. B.negative transfer can occur between the previously learned technique and the correct technique. C.a new pattern of coordination or GMP will have to be rebuilt.
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Errors that require parameter changes (i.e., increasing the speed of the movement) would require several weeks or longer to correct.
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false
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Corrections that fall in the "retry" category are often due to simple forgetting and can be corrected fairly quickly with with verbal cues and reminders
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true
