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Child's phonetic inventory does not include any initial voiceless stops. The clinician chooses to target this in therapy. This is an example of which of the following approaches?

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A phonological process approach: targeting an entire class of errors in this case, areas in which all voiceless stops are produced as voiced often called the phonological process of initial voicing.

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which test does not provide separate normative scores for boys and girls

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The Bankson Test of Phonology

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Regressive nasal assimilation is

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Phonological process wherein one sound influences another it is a normal developmental process suppressed early in phonological development. Can occur if the word has a final nasal a consonant and a non-nasal consonant earlier in the word example loon.

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Which theory of phonological development makes the explicit claim that babbling and early speech or discontinuous?

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The structuralist model: babbling reflected only universal motoric & perceptual constraints, & early speech reflected the child's knowledge of language.

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Palatal glide

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/j/ You /ju/

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Glide

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/r/ and /L/

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Fricatives

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/s/ and /f/

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Which is most difficult to train in isolation

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Voiceless stops: difficult to produce without a following or preceding vowel and impossible to sustain

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Childhood apraxia of speech characteristics

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Severely unintelligible speech, inconsistent air patterns, vowel distortions, prosodic variations

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Training clients to distinguish between fricatives and stops at the conceptual level, as would be done in phase 1 of the Metaphon program?

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Fricatives are long sounds; stops are short sounds

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With regard to the relationship between speech sound stimulability & speech sound learning, Powell & coworkers found which of the following

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Stimulable sounds are more readily generalized then are non-stimulable ones: Stimulability was the single best predictor of how readily a child generalized a sound during therapy

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What phoneme is not found in Spanish

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/d3/ as in judge

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The principle of communicative reinforcement is

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Children's correct productions should be reinforced by pragmatically appropriate, communicatively meaningful responses.

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Which sound occurs less frequently in English

answer

/S/ SH sound

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Negative prognostic indicator for a child with an inaccurate production of velar stops: Children who produce inconsistent error patterns typically take longer to learn the target sounds then do children who produce consistent errors.

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For one third of the words with the target velar sound, The child produces in alveolar stop as a substitute; for one third, the child deletes the target velar; and for one third, the child produces a /j/ as a substitute for the velar

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Consistent velar fronting, initial voicing, inconsistent final consonant deletion, inconsistent nasal harmony. How might the child produce the word cat?

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/daet/ Child applied velar fronting (changing the place of articulation from the velar to the alveolar position) & initial voicing (changing the voiceless stop to a voiced stop). Neither final consonant deletion nor nasal harmony have applied

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Which phonological processes changes a words syllable structure?

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Cluster reduction: b/c it changes the # of consonants in a word which changes the word syllable structure

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Process substitution errors that change one sound to another are

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Fronting, stopping, deaffrication, backing,

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Characteristics of speech in preschool and young school-age children

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Longer speech sound durations than adults, greater variability in formant frequencies for vowels than adults, more variability in fundamental frequency than adults, speech is slower

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What is an example of the progressive assimilation?

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/pop/ for poke: Progressive assimilation are errors in which a feature for a sound that occurs early in the word shows up again in a place of a sound later in the word. The regressive error is the retention of the labial place of articulation in the final sound of the word poke

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Which test of phonological awareness is used to assess rapid automatized naming

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Comprehensive test of phonological awareness: rapid Automatized naming is a very strong predictor of literacy abilities, & deficits in this skill have been linked to reading disability.

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What are features of child directed speech

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Slower rate than in conversational speech, exaggerated voicing contrasts in comparison to conversational speech, higher average fundamental frequency FO then in conversational speach, larger acoustic vowel space than in conversational speech.

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In AAE the contrast between what two phonemes in word final position is neutralized?

answer

/th/ and /f/

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Of the following standardize, Norm referenced tests, which weights errors according to the frequency of the occurrence of sounds in the ambient language?

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The Arizona articulation proficiency scale - 3 Air for sound that occur frequently in the ambient language or penalized more than errors for sounds that are less frequent

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Error Metathesis is

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The order of two sounds in a word is switched ex /ask/ for ox

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Morrisette & Gierut found the generalization of correct sound production to untrained words is greatest if sounds are taught in which of the following types of words? Selection of treatment targets in phonological therapy for preschool children with severe speech sound disorders.

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Those that have high frequency of occurrence and low phonological neighborhood density: Neighborhood density is a word measure of the phonetic structure of similar words for example tea, Stow, Doe are neighbors of the word toe, inasmuch as the items very in terms of a single phoneme difference. Research indicates that words from low neighborhood densities, which have limited phonetic linkages with other words, are typically easier to identify that are high density words.

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Using a straw to provide feedback on the location of airflow is most useful in treating?

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A lateral lisp: lateral lisps are characterized by airflow off the sides of the tongue, rather than through a central groove in the tongue. Straws are sometimes used to cue children to use a tongue position that allows central air flow

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Fletcher and Meldrum examined the relationships between the size of the lingual frenum & speech production accuracy & found

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Children with shorter frena make more speech sound errors then do those with longer frena, although the number of errors is within normal limits.

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A child does not produce /S/ in any phonetic contexts. In therapy, the child is taught /S/ in the word seek, seat, seed, & seal. After treatment, the child produces the sound correctly in those words, as well as in soup, sad, song, and south. This is an example of

answer

Generalization across phonetic contacts

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Sonorant sounds are

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Nasals, liquid (lateral, rhotic), glide

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Fronting

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In the phonological process in which velar stops become alveolar stops. Ex dome, fly, Bee, & way do not contain velar stops & therefore could not be targets for a fronting process. Example cat does

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A child who produces /dip/ for keep demonstrates which of the following to phonological processes?

answer

The fronting error of the/D/for /k/ changes the target velar stop to an alveolar stop, and the initial voicing changes the target voiceless stop /K/ to a voiced stop /D/.

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Babbling sequence as an example of an infant using pure frames as discussed by MacNeilage & Davis

answer

/b^b^/ The term pure frames refers to vocalizations made by holding the tongue in a fixed position & wagging the jaw up-and-down. In pure frame vocalizations, alveolar sounds always pair with front vowels, bilabial sounds with central vowels as in /b^b^/ , & velar sounds with back vowels.

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Which babbling sequence provides evidence that the child is moving the tongue and the Jaw independently from one another?

answer

/gaegae/ by moving the tongue from a relatively posterior closure for /G/ to a more anterior posture for /ae/ while simultaneously opening and closing the jaw. These vocalizations could be made by holding the tongue in a fixed position & moving the jaw up & down to achieve closure. /m^m^/ /b^b^/ /daedae/

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This reflects AAE pronunciation of the word ghost

answer

/gouse/ deletion of final consonants, particularly /T/ in final consonant-consonant sequences, is a characteristic of AAE

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Relational analysis is What precludes a relational analysis? It may be impossible to tell what the targets themselves are, & thus make a relational analysis impossible if child is highly unintelligible.

answer

Compare the child's productions to the normal adult targets.

question

A child demonstrates consistent deletion, fronting & initial voicing, inconsistent final consonant deletion, and inconsistent nasal harmony. What would the word /cone/ look like

answer

/noun/ /foun/ /dou/ are examples of velar fronting for this production error.

question

Unstressed syllable's are most likely to be deleted from words that have

answer

Weak-strong-stress patterns. Example giraffe.

question

Strong-weak stress pattern

answer

Tuba, color, kitty, mommy

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Week syllable deletion is most likely to occur in words with

answer

Week - strong-stress patterns. Example Alive has a weak-strong pattern

question

A speaker with Velopharyngeal incompetence would have most difficulty producing what sound? M, S, L, J, i

answer

/s/ The production of obstruent consonants-stops, fricatives, affricates-requires the build up of oral air pressure. Building up oral air pressure is difficult for individuals with VPI. Sounds M, L, J, i are speech sounds that do not require the generation of high-pressure but are produced with a relatively open vocal tract.

question

Of the following vowels, which is most similar to the consonant /j/? /i/, /u/, /ae/, /a/?

answer

/i/ The palatal glide /j/ is produced with a tongue posture that is similar to that of a vowel /i/ which is a high front tense vowel.

question

Of the following sounds, which is produced with the rapid ballistic movement of the tongue in /a/ consonant sequences? J, ing, k, t, m?

answer

Stop consonance including both oral and nasal consonants are produced with rapid ballistic movements of the tongue. Example ING, K, T, M. /j/ is a glide and produced with slower ramped movements.

question

Blind children have a difficulty in producing

answer

Bilabial sounds such as /P/ than sighted children. This is evidence that the occurrence of bilabial sounds in children with typical vision is related in part to their visual salience

question

Final phonological awareness tasks purportedly make use of which of the following cognitive skills?

answer

Speech perception, reasoning skills, memory.

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Velar fronting is

answer

A phonologicalI process that changes the velar sounds /k/, /g/, /ing/ to their alveolar counterparts

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Clinical technique of Recasting

answer

Clinician does not correct the child's erroneous production; instead, repeats it with errors corrected.

question

Childhood apraxia of speech

answer

Often make more errors on speech sounds in longer words than shorter words.

question

Distortion errors in English?

answer

Substitutions in which the substituted sound is not a phoneme of the language being acquired. Lateral fricatives and affricates characteristic of the lateral lisp are not phonemes of English and hence lateral lisps are defined as distortions.

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Stopping is

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The phonological process in which fricatives become stops, typically at the same place of articulation.

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/s/ /SH/

answer

High frequency energy and your voiceless a child with a high-frequency hearing loss would have difficulty discriminating between them

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The cycles approach is

answer

Designed for children whose errors are very consistent. Errors that reflects simplifying phonological processes and who are stimulable for correct speech sound production for at least some of the sounds that are targeted in therapy

question

Why are some sounds acquired later than others The following are all possible reasons

answer

Later acquired sounds are less frequent in the ambient language than early acquired sounds, later acquired sounds are more linguistically marked than earlier acquired sounds, later acquired sounds are motorically more difficult than early acquired sounds

question

A treatment program, which includes auditory bombardment at the beginning of each therapy session is

answer

The Hodson-Paden therapy for unintelligible children. Also known as the "cycles approach" program. The cycles approach is based partially on the assumption that one of the underlying factors and speech - production problems is the existence of incorrect auditory images: perceptual targets for speech sounds. Thus strong emphasis on auditory bombardment is presumed to facilitate the building of these images. Auditory bombardment is used at the beginning, at the end, and home program.

question

AAE

answer

Don't have a distinction between /f/ and /th/

question

Which phonological processes is most likely to disappear earliest in children's speech?

answer

Final consonant deletion

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Long - lag voice - onset time

answer

Long - lag voice - onset times are Characteristics of word - initial voiceless stops in English, such as the/T/in the beginning of the word ten

question

A phonological process approach

answer

A contrast approach & distinctive features approach, are all examples of linguistic based approaches. These approaches focus on teaching sound contrasts and patterns to children who have multiple speech sound errors

question

Acoustic analysis shows that children who are perceived to substitute/T/ for /K/sometimes produce a measurable acoustic difference between sounds that are transcribed as identical, whereas other children produce true substitutions of/T/ for /k/. How do these two groups differ?

answer

Children in the former group progress through therapy more quickly than do children in the latter group. Children who show phonetic knowledge of a contrast by making measurable acoustic differences between target sounds in there substitutions progress through therapy more quickly than those who do not.

question

A segment approach is

answer

Targeting a single sound example /P/ as a goal selection for an individual who's phonetic inventory does not contain any initial voiceless stops. Yet the clinician chooses to teach the sound /P/ in therapy

question

Obstruents sounds are

answer

Stop, fricative, Affricates

question

Phonological Development-A Continuum (children don't move from one stage to the next, can move between stages) or exhibit characteristics from several stages.

answer

0-1 Phonation Stage (vegetative or reflexive ex crying, grunting, coughing) 2-3 Goo & Coo stage (mostly vowel like sounds with no true syllable shapes) 4-6 Exploration & Expansion stage (sound play, laughter, experimentation with pitch & volume) 7-10 reduplicated babbling (CV strings with no intentional meaning) 11-14 Variegated babbling (CV, VC or interchangeable syllable shapes-ALSO pre-linguistic) 11-18 Jargon (pre-speech behavior characterized by sequence of phonemes with adult like intonation & stress patterns)

question

Phonological Processes are All typically developing but should assimilate by certain age

answer

Syllable structure processes, Assimilatory processes, Substitution processes, Atypical processes

question

Syllable Structures are

answer

Weak syllable deletion Final consonant deletion Reduplication Cluster reduction

question

Assimilation Processes are:

answer

Labial assimilation, Velar assimilation, Nasal assimilation, Alveolar assimilation

question

Substitution Processes are:

answer

Fronting, Stopping, Gliding, Vocalization or Vowelization, Prevocalic voicing, Devoicing, Stridency deletion

question

Atypical Processes are: If used more than 10% it's a phonological disorder

answer

Glottal replacement, initial consonant deletion, backing, metathesis

question

Stridency deletion

answer

Can be applied through stopping, or by replacing a strident sound with non-strident sound

question

Disappear before age 3

answer

Pre-vocalic voicing, assimilation, reduplication, final consonant deletion, fronting, week syllable deletion

question

Disappear after age 3

answer

Gliding, cluster reduction, stopping, devoicing, epenthesis

question

Articulation

answer

Older child, intelligible, 6 or fewer errors, specific sound errors, common distortions & substitutions, possible organic etiology(cleft palate, nero trauma), good discrimination

question

Phonology

answer

Younger child, mod-severe unintelligibility > 6 errors, omissions & substitutions, no known etiology, poor self discrimination

question

Relational analysis

answer

Looks at the way sounds are made compared to adult form, assess speech sound errors, giving a test, doing % of consonants correct, compare sound production to correct production

question

Independent analysis

answer

Look at the sound each client produces in the syllable shapes use, not compared to any specific target; looks at sounds & syllables shapes in general that are used & not yet used, can also be used for unintelligible & very young children with inconsistent productions of words

question

articulation treatment

answer

Teaches individual sounds by correcting place or manor or voicing of articulation & practicing the new skill in a drill format

question

Phonological treatment

answer

Teaches a class of sounds by rotating through several sounds within the targeted class. Teaches correct syllable shapes & sound combinations. Uses meaningful context rather than drill to demonstrate differences.

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