question

Although she works 30 hours a week, Natalie is unable to earn enough money to bring her and her sons to the poverty line, according to the income requirement set by the federal government. She and her family are experiencing: A. Absolute poverty B. Vertical mobility C. Relative poverty D. Being in the underclass

answer

Absolute poverty

question

__________ refers to how individuals are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess. A. Social stratification B. Social status C. Social capital D. Social differentiation

answer

Social stratification

question

First-generation college graduates who become physicians reflect: A. Open mobility B. Intergenerational mobility C. Horizontal mobility D. Intragenerational mobility

answer

intergenerational mobility

question

Since 1969, the middle class in the United States has: A. Decreased B. Become the elite class C. Stayed the same D. Increased

answer

decreased

question

All of the following are tenets of the structural functionalist view of social stratification except: A. Differential rewards lead to unequal rewards lead to unequal distribution of resources for occupations in society B. Some positions are more highly valued in society C. Differential rewards must be offered to motivate talented individuals into difficult positions D. Customs and traditions in a society often prevail over rational criteria in determining the distribution of scarce resources

answer

Customs and traditions in a society often prevail over rational criteria in determining the distribution of scarce resources

question

Which type of stratification system allows movement between classes? A. Vertical B. Open C. Ascribed D. Closed

answer

open

question

What historical event largely shaped conflict theorists' view of social stratification? A. The end of slavery in the United States B. The rise of communism in Russia and China C. The social inequality created in post-World War II United States D. The shift from the feudal system to urban industrialism

answer

The shift from the feudal system to urban industrialism

question

According to Marx, which of the following is a characteristic of the proletariat? A. They have the power to create a classless society if they develop a class consciousness. B. They control the means of production. C. They control the norms and values of society. D. All of the above are characteristics of the proletariat.

answer

They have the power to create a classless society if they develop a class consciousness.

question

Josh, a young black adult who grew up poor in New York, is having difficulty in college. He does not know how to dress for "formal" events, how to tie a tie, or own a pair of dress shoes. According to sociologists, Josh lacks: A. Cultural capital B. Class consciousness C. Solidarity D. Prestige

answer

cultural capital

question

The Hindu religion holds that individuals are born into one of four Varna or into a fifth group below the caste system known as the _______________ group. A. Sudras B. Rajputs C. Brahmans D. Dalits

answer

dalits

question

It is the year 2100 and you are the first sociologist on Mars. Your job is to understand inequality on the Martian Base. Which of the following scenarios would younot expect? A. The smarter, more sexually attractive scientists are given more Martian Rocks. B. Inequality exists due to the social allocation of Martian Rocks. C. There is no inequality on Mars; it is a utopian society that shares all things equally. D. The scientists have collectively decided that Martian Rocks are valuable.

answer

There is no inequality on Mars; it is a utopian society that shares all things equally.

question

Which of the following is a macro-level factor that can shape social stratification? A. The community's influence on schools B. The occupational prestige of an individual C. The economic position of a society D. The amount of education of a person

answer

The economic position of a society

question

Which of the following statements do not follow Duncan and Moore's model of inequality? A. Stratification is part of the social system. B. Father's occupational prestige influences the child's occupational prestige. C. Some jobs are, naturally, more prestigious than others. D. "Good" jobs require talent, preparation, and money to do well.

answer

Stratification is part of the social system

question

________________ theorists argue that poor women in capitalistic economic systems are used as reserve labor force that can be called and dismissed as needed. A. Conflict B. Symbolic interaction C. Structural-functionalist D. Exchange

answer

conflict

question

The gap between those with access to information technology and those without is known as the: A. Digitally illiterate B. Techno-barrier C. Digital divide D. None of the above

answer

digital divide

question

Which of the following statements about social mobility in the United States is false? A. There is a high level of occupation inheritance. B. Sons are more likely to move up than down. C. The mobility of women reflects the occupational achievements of their mothers. D. The higher the father's occupation level, the better the son's chance for occupational achievement.

answer

The mobility of women reflects the occupational achievements of their mothers.

question

The _________ model of power argues that power is shared among many power centers, each of which has their own self-interests to protect. A. evolutionary B. estate C. pluralist D. power elite

answer

pluralist

question

Which is the highest social caste in India's caste system? A. Rajputs B. Brahmans C. Kshatriyas D. Dalits

answer

brahmans

question

In __________ stratification systems, individuals are allowed to earn positions through their ability and effort. A. ascribed B. closed C. mobile D. achieved

answer

achieved

question

Which of the following is an example of social capital? A. Professional licensure B. Country club membership C. Postdoctoral training D. All of the above

answer

country club membership

question

In __________ stratification systems, individuals are allowed to earn positions through their ability and effort.

answer

achieved

question

Which of the following best describes the observed relationship between religion and social class?

answer

lower class individuals in the United States are disproportionately represented in fundamentalist religions.

question

________________ theorists argue that poor women in capitalistic economic systems are used as reserve labor force that can be called and dismissed as needed.

answer

conflict

question

Which of the following is a macro-level factor that can shape social stratification?

answer

The economic position of a society

question

Which is the highest social caste in India's caste system?

answer

brahmans

question

According to Marx, which of the following is a characteristic of the proletariat

answer

They have the power to create a classless society if they develop a class consciousness.

question

Emily works and makes a modest salary. However, Emily is unable to provide new clothes or a two-bedroom apartment for her or her children. She is experiencing:

answer

relative poverty

question

Lindsey needs a car to get back and forth from her home in the city to her university, which are 4 miles apart. When shopping for a car, Lindsey decides to buy a Hummer H3 because she wants a car that her peers will notice and respect. Through this purchase, Lindsey exhibits:

answer

Conspicuous consumption

question

Which of the following statements about social classes in the United States is true?

answer

Wages and salaries for the upper classes have risen in the past 30 years.

question

Which of the following statements do not follow Duncan and Moore's model of inequality?

answer

Stratification is part of the social system.

question

Jason is studying race among the homeless. He finds that blacks and Mexicans are more likely to be in "public housing" than whites and Asians. He interprets this finding as "those in power exploiting those without power." Most likely, Jason adheres to:

answer

evolutionary theory

question

Which of the following statements about social mobility in the United States is false?

answer

Which of the following statements about social mobility in the United States is false?

question

All of the following are main assumptions of stratification except:

answer

Wealth is most important resource

question

The __________ model of power suggests that individuals with powerful positions in political, business, and military arenas interact with each other and ensure that their power is not threatened.

answer

power elite

question

Which of the following is a micro-level factor that can shape social stratification?

answer

pysical attractiveness

question

Since 1969, the middle class in the United States has:

answer

decreased

question

First-generation college graduates who become physicians reflect:

answer

intergenerational mobility

question

In __________ stratification systems, the characteristics individuals are born with determine one's position in society.

answer

ascribed

question

Which of the following is a key assumption of conflict theorists' view of social stratification?

answer

Stratification is the outcome of struggles for dominance in scarce resources

question

All of the following are tenets of the structural functionalist view of social stratification except:

answer

Customs and traditions in a society often prevail over rational criteria in determining the distribution of scarce resources

question

Which of the following is a meso-level factor that can shape social stratification

answer

Political affiliation

question

The _________ model of power argues that power is shared among many power centers, each of which has their own self-interests to protect.

answer

pluralist

question

__________ refers to how individuals are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess.

answer

social stratification

question

All of the following are predetermined in caste stratification systems except:

answer

How many children an individual will have

question

According to Marx, which of the following is a characteristic of the proletariat?

answer

They have the power to create a classless society if they develop a class consciousness

question

The Hindu religion holds that individuals are born into one of four Varna or into a fifth group below the caste system known as the _______________ group.

answer

dalits

question

According to Stanley Lieberson's research on the unequal levels of success different immigrant groups have experienced in the United States, one primary factor contributing to the group's success is:

answer

Whether the groups were voluntary or involuntary immigrants

question

When Mary, the owner of a large apartment complex, was deciding who to rent an open apartment to, she immediately disregarded the application of 84-year-old Millie because Mary does not rent apartments to old women. Mary's treatment of Millie is best described as:

answer

individual discrimination

question

The idea that "sometimes people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and create equality" is the central idea of:

answer

preference policies

question

Minority groups in the United States have, on average, significantly lower net worth than white Americans even when the two have similar education, income, and occupations. Sociologists attribute the wealth gap largely to housing policies that excluded minority individuals from home ownership. This is an example of __________ discrimination.

answer

Past-in-present

question

William Julius Wilson refers to the urban poor that exist outside of the functioning economic system as the

answer

underclass

question

Which of the following best describes the role of the federal government in defining ethnicity?

answer

The government creates ethnic groups by naming them and providing the group with funding.

question

When the Serbian army massacred Bosnian civilians while conducting "ethnic cleansing," they were participating in this type of group relation, where the dominant group makes a systematic effort to destroy a minority group:

answer

genocide

question

Although Ting is greatly disadvantaged by her culture's treatment of women, she largely accepts her position as the child-care provider for her family and has little desire to change the structure of her family. Ting exhibited which of the following reactions to being a discriminated minority group?

answer

acceptance

question

It is the year 3130 and we have begun to colonize Mars. The native Martian population is being moved to the Moon, so that Earth can build a casino, water park, and oil drilling rig on their holy grounds. Governmental officials claim that Martians can and will live happily on the moon, with "little disruption in their day-to-day lives." The Martians are experiencing:

answer

population transfer

question

The structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups that results in minority members losing their original identity refers to:

answer

assimilation

question

__________ is a form of subjugation that keeps minorities powerless by formally separating them from the dominant group and depriving them of access to the dominant institutions.

answer

segregation

question

When Eric was waiting for class to start, he considered starting a conversation with one of his classmates. However, Eric decided they all looked like "frat boys" and he figured they would have nothing in common, so he sat silently and waited for class to start. Eric's behavior can be best described as:

answer

stereotyping

question

__________ occurs when a minority group is blamed for others' failures and shortcomings.

answer

scapegoating

question

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at the group level?

answer

Positive contact

question

Education University is being sued. To increase the number of minority students attending their university, the president mandated that "5% of every freshman class must be a minority student." Education university is being sued for enacting a(n) _______ system.

answer

quota

question

John, who does not claim to be racist, strongly supports a policy that would prohibit mixed-race couples from adopting children. John is demonstrating:

answer

symbolic racism

question

A technique for bringing about change at the institutional and societal levels used by Mahatma Gandhi, Jesse Jackson, and Caesar Chavez was:

answer

nonviolent resistance

question

Jordan feels that his dark, long hair causes many of his classmates to recognize him as the member of a minority group. In an effort to blend in with his peers, Jordan dyes his hair blond and cuts it very close to his scalp. Jordan exhibited which of the following reactions to being a discriminated minority group?

answer

assimilation

question

Which of the following is a social cost of group inequalities?

answer

Minority members of a society may not be able to reach their full human potential to maximize their contribute to the society.

question

Todd, an English-born lawyer, went to law school in France. Although he practices law in France, he is employed by an English company and maintains residences in London and Paris. He refused to go to the last World Cup Final because France and England were playing, and he is very loyal to both countries. Todd's situation is best described as __________, because he fully participates in and has loyalty to two nations and cultures.

answer

transnationalism

question

Comedians such as Dave Chapelle, who use their art to make satirical commentary about race relations in the United States, use which of the following strategies of minority groups when dealing with discrimination and prejudice?

answer

indirect aggression

question

_________ occurs when each ethnic group or racial group in a country maintains its own culture and separate set of institutions.

answer

pluralism

question

The first time humans were systematically classified into different groups in scientific work was in:

answer

1735 by Carl von Linne

question

A(n) __________ is a group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics.

answer

race

question

William Julius Wilson refers to the urban poor that exist outside of the functioning economic system as the:

answer

underclass

question

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at the societal level?

answer

education reform

question

Education University is being sued. To increase the number of minority students attending their university, the president mandated that "5% of every freshman class must be a minority student." Education university is being sued for enacting a(n) _______ system.

answer

quota

question

The criminal justice system in the United States has been found to discriminate against minority groups. Our economic system in the United States has been found to discriminate against individuals who have been convicted of a crime. If a minority job applicant is not hired because of an unjust criminal conviction, the applicant has experienced __________ discrimination.

answer

side-effect

question

Although unconstitutional a(n) _________ is a requirement that employers must hire a certain percentage of minorities.

answer

quota system

question

Which of the following is a necessity to have pluralism in a society?

answer

legal protection of the distinct group

question

Which of the following is a function of a ready labor force, according to structural-functional theorists?

answer

The ready labor force will complete menial, unskilled jobs largely unattractive to the majority of society.

question

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at an individual level?

answer

Tolerance-education programs

question

Lisa strongly believes that certain groups of humans are biologically inferior to other groups of humans and that this is what explains the cultural and social differences between racial groups. Lisa is demonstrating __________ racism.

answer

ideological

question

_________ occurs when each ethnic group or racial group in a country maintains its own culture and separate set of institutions

answer

pluralism

question

Marcus Garvey's Back-to-Africa movement in the United States was an example of which minority group strategy to dealing with prejudice and discrimination?

answer

avoidance

question

When minority group members internalize prejudiced views about their group and allow these beliefs to shape their behavior, it creates a(n):

answer

self-fulfilling prohecy

question

The existence of a sector of "clean" jobs and a sector of "dirty" jobs is the key assumption of which theory of group relations?

answer

split labor market

question

"Gender division of labor exists in modern societies because it is efficient and useful to have different-but-complementary male and female roles." This statement most closely reflects:

answer

structural-functional theory

question

Thomas is a boy who was ridiculed for wearing a skirt to school one day. Which of the following did Thomas violate?

answer

gender roles

question

Zari is a successful lawyer, but her career has begun to suffer and she was recently demoted because the school nurse, Melissa, always expects Zari to pick up her daughter from school when she is ill. Zari's boss expects her to never leave work, but Melissa refuses to call Zari's husband because "a sick girl needs her mama." Zari is experiencing:

answer

side-effect

question

Which of the following statements is true about the selection of names for newborn children?

answer

A name that is for males may for a time be given to either sex, but then is demoted to girls.

question

"Patriarchy is the cause of women's oppression" is a tenet of which sociological theory?

answer

feminist

question

A clear example of gender socialization is:

answer

Not allowing girls to play in the mud because girls are not supposed to get dirty

question

Which of the following is an example of institutionalized discrimination?

answer

Women are expected to changed their names when they marry and questioned if they do not

question

Which of the following aspects is not characteristic of the "ideal" American male?

answer

compassionate

question

"By keeping women in traditional gender roles, men maintain control over institutions and resources." This statement most closely reflects:

answer

conflict

question

Which country has the lowest percentage of women in national politics?

answer

USA

question

According to most sociologists, gender roles are:

answer

All of the above

question

Which of the following statements about rape is false?

answer

One in 20 college women in the United States will be raped or survive a rape

question

About 1.7 percent of babies are born with "anomolies of sex chromosomes, internal procreative organs, and external genitalia in a variety of combinations" otherwise known as the:

answer

intersexed

question

A biological term that refers to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between men and women:

answer

sex

question

__________________focuses on social processes that define homosexuality as deviant and legitimize heterosexuality as the only normal lifestyle.

answer

Heterosexism

question

Based on what has worked in Africa, how could the United States improve political representation among women?

answer

Encourage proportional representation

question

Which of the following statements regarding language and sexual inequality is false?

answer

The terms spinster and bachelor are equivalent in terms of positive connotation.

question

Discrimination that is done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men:

answer

de jure discrimination

question

"Each sex plays a complimentary role to ensure the survival and efficiency of society" is a tenet of which sociological theory?

answer

structural functionalist

question

Which of the following statements about gender roles is false?

answer

gender roles are universal

question

Leilani is struggling to get a promotion at her law firm, spend quality time with her husband, and ensure her children get enough attention from her. She is most likely being affected by:

answer

superwoman image

question

The socially constructed meanings associated with males and females are called:

answer

gender identity

question

"Gender division of labor exists in modern societies because it is efficient and useful to have different-but-complementary male and female roles." This statement most closely reflects:

answer

structural-functional theory

question

Puja got a very short new haircut, so she wore a dress, big earrings, and lots of makeup so that she would still look feminine. Puja is:

answer

doing gender

question

Discriminatory practices that are no longer allowed but that continue to affect people today:

answer

past-in-present discrimination

question

Irene has been working at Megacorp for 10 years. She has an impeccable record and has received wonderful reviews. Still, she cannot figure out why the men that started the job at the same time she did have been promoted several levels while she has only received one promotion. Irene may be experiencing:

answer

the glass ceiling

question

According to the text, teachers are most likely to reward girls for being:

answer

obediant and passive

question

The process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to their gender is:

answer

gender socialization

question

___________________ are interested in how physical differences between men and women come to be symbols that result in different social rights and rewards.

answer

interactionists

question

The socially constructed meanings associated with males and females are called:

answer

gender identity

question

Social forces that keep the vast majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs:

answer

sticky floor

question

Which of the following statements is true?

answer

homophobia is highly correlated with a belief in traditional gender roles.

question

The term ________________ refers to "identification as someone who is challenging, questioning, or changing gender from that assigned at birth to a chosen gender."

answer

transgender

question

Sara is looking at how sexism is maintained in Britain. Her data suggest that symbols of women as deferential, supplicating, sex-starved beings perpetuate the sexist structure in the isles. Sara is a ___________ theorist.

answer

symbolic interaction

question

Thomas is a boy who was ridiculed for wearing a skirt to school one day. Which of the following did Thomas violate?

answer

gender roles

Module 4 exam – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards