Module 2 Flvs world history – Flashcards

This time period is considered dark because only a limited written record survived to shine light on the time bridging the two better documented eras of the Romans and the Renaissance

Manorialism is peasants farmed assigned strips of land in large common fields shared by the entire village It developed because people spread out, and the system was controlled by powerful warrior landlords. Landlords also leased out land in exchange for loyalty.

King: a monarch who inherited ultimate control over the lands of his kingdom. Nobles: including lords or barons, who were granted large areas of land to control as they wished. In return, the nobles were expected to pay taxes to the king and to provide knights who would fight in the king's military. Knights: members of a trained warrior class, who also served in the king's army in international wars. Peasants: perform the labor require, work hard, the lord controls everything they do.

Women - you can marry to change your social status, also you could become a nun. Men - you could freedom from the lord. If you were the first born you can get land, money, etc. Also you could get an apprenticeship. Finally, you could become a priest or monk.

Those who fight: the knights, Knights had to provide their own equipment, including armor, a horse, a sword, a helmet, and a shield. The process to become a knight was long. The ideal knightly behavior included protecting and respecting the Church, respecting one's lord, and helping the weak and the poor. Those who work: peasant, serf lacked freedom and were subject to the will of the lord Those who pray: Pope, cardinals, archbishops, bishops. The Church was extremely wealthy, far wealthier than most kingdoms.God spoke through the pope, his authority was higher than that of kings. he Church included the clergy, people such as priests and monks who had devoted their lives to the Church.

the church and the states constantly struggled for supreme power Back then, the Church still had enough believers to have a great impact within the Government

Clovis I became the first king to unite the Franks under one rule. Perhaps more notably, he had also converted to Roman Catholicism.

-Charlemagne decided to follow Charles Martel's example -he allied with the neighboring Lombards to overpower his brother and again unite the Franks. -Charlemagne's rule had laid the groundwork for political and economic patterns that would dominate the rest of the medieval period in Europe

-he gained a defender of Italy. Second, by performing the action of crowning the emperor, he put the Church in the superior position. -Charlemagne used his power to build schools, sponsor artistic and literary works, issue money, encourage trade, and spread his faith.

-sailed the coast and stole from villages -made settlements but could never make an empire. -over time instead of stealing they began to trade and convert to christianity.

-had the role of keeping the European people together. -the Church controlled a great deal of land and wealth. It also held the keys to Heaven -By the High Middle Ages, the Church had come to dominate the feudal kingdoms of most of the rest of Europe.

illuminated manuscripts: a handwritten document in which the text is adorned with decoration, borders, and illustrations. (the Book of Kells, came from the hands of the monastics. The Book of Kells was written by Celtic monks and contains the New Testament of the Bible, including the four Gospels, which recount the life of Jesus.) scholasticism: a school of thought that used reason to defend religious faith and emerged in medieval Europe around the 12th century. (Convents, the homes of female clergy, gave medieval women an opportunity to expand their knowledge and learn crafts and other skills.) universities: modern ideas of academic freedom and unruly students began to take shape during this time. gothic architecture: referring to a style of architecture that arose in France during the Middle Ages, characterized by pointed arches and vaulted ceilings. (castles and fortresses and of cathedrals, churches, monasteries, and convents.) music: Bards, or poets traveled the kingdoms, reciting poems, singing songs, and telling tales of history, romance, and chivalry. (Many verses that began as oral poems and songs were eventually written down, especially during the High and Late Middle Ages)

Israel

-when Emperor Alexius I Comnenus appealed to Pope Urban II for help in defending the Byzantine Empire -when he called for a military expedition to retake the Holy Land from the Turks -when a wave of religious enthusiasm swept across Europe

First Crusade: The first Crusaders, was led by Godfrey of Bouillon and other French lords. They battled isolated Turkic forces, and it was not until August 1098 that the Crusaders reached Jerusalem. The Crusaders laid siege to Jerusalem for more than a month before its keepers surrendered. Second Crusade: European lords worked to secure their rule over the Crusader States. King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany, pledged themselves to the cause and led armies to the Holy Land. Again, many Crusaders returned home. Those who remained were focused on defending the Kingdom of Jerusalem, while Muslim forces became more powerful and encircled them. Third Crusade: This crusade achieved little. When Saladin's forces took Jerusalem, the call went out across Europe to launch another crusade. They weren't able to take over the city. According to this peace treaty, Saladin's Muslim empire kept control of Jerusalem but granted Christians the right to visit the city and their shrines. Fourth Crusade:So, rather than retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule, the Fourth Crusade sacked the capital of the Byzantine Empire, a Christian city. The major accomplishment of this Crusade proved to be weakening the Byzantines enough that they could no longer hold off Muslim expansion. The Final Crusades: The Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew II of Hungary, went first to the Holy Land and then to Egypt, but failed. 6th - succeeded in reclaiming the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1228. After 1244, Jerusalem would never again fall under Christian rule. The Children's Crusade: These youths-Nicholas of Cologne and Stephen of Cloyes-each claimed to have received a message from God to continue the fight to retake Jerusalem for the Christians. Neither group-nor their leaders-ever reached the Holy Land.

SHORT TERM - the Crusades contributed to the construction of many European castles and missions and gave more power to the Church. -contributed to opening up trade in a number of ways. Christian pilgrimage routes were reopened, the use of coin currency increased LONG TERM -the Crusades facilitated the spread of Islamic math and science

-people had their basic needs taken care of -agriculture benefited, and people became better fed and healthier.

-Religious themes and symbolism were very common -Realism

-legends -stories of a King Arthur and his court at Camelot were popular in Wales -Beowulf - in the language of Old English, one of the most important works of the English language

Romanesque - an architectural style that became popular in the 11th century, characterized by thick, rounded walls and small high windows Gothic - an architectural style that became popular in the mid-12th century, characterized by very high ceilings, flying buttresses, large stained glass windows, and pointed arches

-all memory/no written music -Gregorian chant - sacred monophonic music (everyone sings the same.) -Guidonian Hand - When the instructor points at a specific place on the hand, it instructs the students to sing a specific note. - Minstrels - Minstrels were musicians, usually instrumentalists, who traveled from town to town. They could not read or write, they often learned their music orally.

Benedict of Nursia: the most influential monk of the early Middle Ages, famous for his Benedictine Rule. set new standards for monks that became key elements of Christian monasticism. Scholastica: Benedict's twin sister. The two siblings often discussed spiritual matters. Both of them have been deemed saints by the Roman Catholic Church.

Dante Aligheri: wrote The Divine Comedy, an epic poem composed in a combination of Tuscan dialect, Latin, and other dialects Boccaccio: author of the highly popular Decameron in which he collected a great many stories about life in medieval Italy Petrarch: known as the father of humanism and remembered for his Italian poetry

-After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Germanic lords warred for control of lands and set up small, competing kingdoms defined by tribal loyalties. -Towns formed around centers of government, ports, markets, cathedrals, and monasteries.

they did so to protect themselves when they traveled. It is a group of people with common interests and goals who unite for their mutual benefit.

• Apprentice - one who learns a craft or a trade through service to another • Journeyman - a worker who has learned a trade and practices by working for a master artisan in exchange for a salary or a wage • Master - an artisan who has mastered his or her craft or trade; may operate a workshop and train apprentices

-Many towns had walls built around them for protection. -Streets were narrow and crooked and usually were not paved. Because people threw their garbage and sewage into the streets, conditions in towns became unsanitary and disease spread quickly. -Fires could burn houses

Marco Polo - Italian merchant and explorer, specifically from Venice, who traveled to East Asia and back in the 13th century Silk Road - The Silk Road had been a major artery of trade within Asia for centuries. During the Late Middle Ages, it helped carry Asian goods to Europe and European goods to Asia. The explorer Marco Polo traveled along its roads during his journey in the 13th century.

It led to the industrial revolution which is a change in the production of goods characterized by the introduction of machinery and other technological advances that began in Europe in the late 18th and 19th centuries.

-He made the first steps toward giving his country a national identity when he drove the Danes out of England around 836 CE. -strengthened the army, built a navy, and constructed fortresses all over England. -Was the first king to control all of England.

The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in the late 15th century was a major step in unifying the peninsula religiously, linguistically, and ultimately, nationally.

With this victory, she had become a symbol of the unification of France and played a key role in helping France regain a national identity because everyone could identify with her and with their newly strengthened country. Joan became their national heroine.

-establishment of the first English parliament -The Magna Carta allowed fundamental protections from unlawful imprisonment and guaranteed a trial by a jury of one's peers. -The Magna Carta established rights for everyday people and influenced the content of other documents that protect the rights of citizen

- The Catholic Church was faced with the reality of having two popes in two different cities - Another issue facing the Catholic Church was whether it should be wealthy from its properties and the taxes it collected.

Isolationism : the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations -avoiding involvement with nations in other parts of the world.

Religion : From China they learned of and adopted Buddhism as their chosen religion. Writing : The Japanese adapted China's ideographic writing system for the Japanese language. They also learned to read Chinese and were greatly influenced by classical Chinese texts. Government : The Chinese Tang dynasty (618-907 CE) was the most important model for the Japanese in creating a centralized government. Japan imitated this pattern. In the sixth century, the Yamato clan proclaimed their divine rule and set up a vast bureaucracy to attempt to govern Japan.

Emperor Kammu - His devout Buddhism brought a period of relative peace and a flowering of the arts to Japan. Kammu assembled an army to destroy the ancient and troublesome Jomon people of eastern and northern Japan.

Kagero nikki (The Gossamer Years) : whose author was known only as "The Mother of Michitsuna." Makura no soshi (The Pillow Book) : was written by Sei Shonagon. These early writings were primarily stories of romance and courtly life. Genji monogatari (Tale of Genji) : known for its intricate plotting and intriguing characters and situations. It offers a revealing glimpse into the mindset of the Japanese aristocracy of the time. Tanka: type of poetry that, like the haiku, has a rigid form, with a set number of syllables making up each of its five to seven lines.

In the mid-12th century, battles erupted throughout Japan. The battles were directed towards the central government, and even factions of the royal family. Over decades, these conflicts weakened the central monarchy, which lost control over Japan. They changed to a Feudal Nation.

Bushido refers to the code of conduct and ethics followed by samurai. : Rectitude—constancy, good judgment : Courage—physical and moral bravery : Benevolence—kindness, generosity, altruism : Respect—high regard, deference, fealty : Honesty—truth telling : Honor—praiseworthiness, due respect, integrity : Loyalty—unswerving allegiance, fidelity

-Genghis Khan, the leader of the Mongolian army, began his campaign to take over the known world in 1206 CE -powerful army (mongals) -lost to Japan more over weather reasons.

Emperor Go-Daigo - tried to undermine the bakufu system, civil war erupted. Ashikaga - stripped the imperial government of its remaining power.

converting some of the Japanese to Christianity, enticing potential converts with offers of European trade goods.

Hideyoshi Toyitomo -ruthless dictator, wanted to take control of China. Tokugawa Ieyasu - The Tokugawa period brought Japan 200 years of stability and peace. Bakufu was modified, as elements of non-military administration were added.

tax -- wealthy families took over tax-free land -- the tax weakened the government -- independent states covered Japan -- the states were rules by daimyo --managers gained protection from daimyo

fall of Rome = vulnerable to be attacked -- people flee -- small farms ran by powerful lords -- land is leased to vessels for loyalty -- small armies form for relief -- small farms join to make villages -- villages make emerging rulers

- both systems developed as a result of weak central governments. They were also both based on the relationship between lords and vassals. - warfare between various lords and vassals was common - In addition, the lands of lords and vassals in both Europe and Japan often centered on a castle and its surrounding area.

- A major difference between feudalism in Japan and feudalism in Europe had to do with the way land was owned in these two places. In Europe, the lord or vassal owned the farmland in their domains, not the peasants. - Also, lords in feudal Europe laid the foundation for representative government through such documents as the Magna Carta. -Also, feudal Japan had an emperor, and feudal Europe had kings. - Finally, feudalism lasted much longer in Europe than Japan.

Japanese emperor, often had little power. the vassal and lord relationship was similar to the shogun and daimyo relationship. In feudal Japan, peasants had a much higher status than serfs in feudal Europe. As you learned, Japanese peasants owned the land that they tilled. The status of artisans in feudal Japan and Europe was similar—both were near the bottom of the social ladder.

In the European feudal system, kings held the highest position in society With European feudalism, knights and vassals were granted land from their lord and in return pledged to serve and protect him. Lords, knights, and vassals, however, owned the land in their domains, and the serfs were bound to that land. The status of artisans in feudal Japan and Europe was similar—both were near the bottom of the social ladder.

Both knights and samurai were members of the nobility in their respective societies. In addition, they both followed a code of behavior—bushido for samurai and chivalry for knights.

- In feudal Europe, knights were warriors who served a lord or vassal, and in feudal Japan, samurai were warriors who served a shogun or daimyo. - For protecting a lord or a vassal, a knight often received a piece of land that he controlled. Samurai, however, did not receive land for their services, but instead they were often paid and given food and lodging. -bushido did not require samurai to protect women and did not idealize romance.