Modern World History Final Review Part 1 – Flashcards
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How were Joseph II's policies similar to those of constitutional monarchies in England?
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He increased citizens' rights and freedom, such as freedom of speech.
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Why were absolute monarchies more common Eastern Europe than in Western Europe?
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Eastern European countries were less developed and relied on strong absolute monarchies
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What role did religion play in absolute and constitutional monarchies?
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Absolute monarchs believed in the divine right to rule, while constitutional monarchs gave more religious freedom
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In what way did Descartes' philosophy of science challenge medieval views?
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Descartes emphasized the role of doubt, while medieval thinkers emphasized the role of faith.
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Why did the Church see the heliocentric view of the solar system as a challenge to its authority?
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The heliocentric view, if correct, might mean God did not put humans at the center of the universe.
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The passage below is from a work written and published by Galileo in 1623. Use the passage to answer the following question: "Philosophy is written in the great book of the universe which lies always open. But we must first understand the language and the character in which it is written. That language is mathematics. Its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures, without which we cannot, humanly speaking, understand the words, and wander aimlessly through a dark labyrinth." In what sense is the passage a challenge to medieval views and methods?
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Galileo used mathematics to understand the universe, but scholars of the Middle Ages believed that knowledge came from God.
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Who wrote The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and discovered the force of gravity?
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Isaac Newton
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Which of these did Johannes Kepler formulate?
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Three laws of planetary movement
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What was the major contribution of 16th-century Flemish doctor Andreas Vesalius?
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He dissected bodies to correct misconceptions about anatomy
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The Wright brothers are most famous for
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the first successful manned flight
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Which scientist transformed modern physics by developing the theory of relativity?
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Albert Einstein
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Early computers took up entire rooms. Which of these dramatically reduced the size of computers?
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microchips
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What is the Enlightenment philosophy of social contract
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the idea that people surrender some individual freedoms in return for safety and security
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What did Enlightenment philosopher Montesquieu argue in his book The Spirit of the Laws?
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governments should be divided into three branches
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What did Enlightenment philosophe believe?
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individual rights should be protected
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What Renaissance idea encouraged the Enlightenment by promoting the importance of the individual?
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humanism
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How did the Reformation contribute to the birth of the Enlightenment?
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it challenges the traditional authority of the Church
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How did the Scientific Revolution contribute to the birth of the Enlightenment?
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by promoting observation and analysis
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Which economic factor was a chief cause of the French Revolution?
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The burden of taxes in France fell primarily of the Third Estate
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What action by the French revolutionary Assembly deprived the poor and women of full equality?
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Only "active citizens" were allows to vote, not "passive citizens"
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The passage below is a quotation from Louis Saint-Just, a radical supporter of the French Revolution. Use the passage to answer the following question: "You have to punish not only the traitors, but even those who are indifferent; you have to punish whoever is passive in the republic, and who does nothing for it...The vessel of the Revolution can arrive in port only on a sea reddened with torrents of blood." What event of the French Revolution does the passage support?
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the reign of terror
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How did the ideas of Montesquieu connect the ancient world with the New World?
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He borrowed the idea of three branches of government from the Roman Republic and passed it along to American revolutionaries
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The following passage is Article 6 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789. Use the passage to answer the following question: "Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law." How would English Enlightenment philosopher John Locke feel about the article?
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He would disapprove of it because it appeals to the idea of natural law.
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How did Baron de Montesquieu's beliefs influence the development of the United States Constitution?
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The importance of ensuring no one person or branch on government held all the power influenced the framing of the United Constitution
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What event at the Bastille was a tipping point for revolutionaries in France in 1789?
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A mob of Parisians liberated several prisoners from the fortress
