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refer to those aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people

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Social Forces

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refer to the influence of political and legal institutions on people and organizations

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Political Forces

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pertain to the availability, production, and distribution of resources in a society

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Economic Forces

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which refers to using social media technologies for interacting with and facilitating communication and collaboration among employees, customers, and other stakeholders

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Social Business

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include company online community pages, wikis for virtual collaboration, social media sites such as Facebook or LinkedIn, video channels such as YouTube, microblogging platforms such as Twitter, and company online forums

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Social Media Programs

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early study of management as we know it today began with classical perspective (Scientific Management, Bureaucratic Organizations and Administrative Principles); universalist view

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Classical Perspective

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Fredrick Taylor's; emphasizes scientifically determined jobs and management practices as the way to improve efficiency and labor productivity; Gantt Chart

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Scientific Management

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Max Weber's; systematic approach developed in Europe that looked at the organization as a whole; originally people were loyal to single individual rather than to organization/mission and caused dysfunction, so moved to whole organizational view

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Bureaucratic Organizations Approach

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Henri Fayol's; focus on the total organization; scientific focused on productivity of individual and admin focuses on total organization

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Administrative Principles Approach

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management emphasized the importance of understanding human behaviors, needs, and attitudes in the workplace, as well as social interactions and group processes (human relations movement, human resource perspective and behavioral sciences approach)

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Humanistic Perspective

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based on the idea that truly effective control comes from within the individual worker rather than from strict, authoritarian control

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Human Relations Movement

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series of studies at a Chicago electric company; worker productivity increased partly as a result of the increased feelings of importance and group pride that employees felt by virtue of being selected for this important project and the camaraderie that developed among group members; important in shaping ideas concerning how managers should treat workers

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Hawthorne Studies

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maintained an interest in worker participation and considerate leadership but shifted the emphasis to considering the daily tasks that people perform; the human resources perspective combines prescriptions for design of job tasks with theories of motivation

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Human Resource Perspective

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psychologist, observed that his patients' problems usually stemmed from an inability to satisfy their needs; hierarchy of needs (safety, belongingness, esteem and self-actualization)

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Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

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challenged both the classical perspective and the early human relations assumptions about human behavior; McGregor formulated Theory X and Theory Y

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Douglas McGregor (1906-1964)

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average people dislike work and will avoid it; people need to be controlled and directly and threatened with punishment; humans want to be directed and avoid responsibility

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Theory X

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physical and mental effort in work is natural; threat of punishment is not the only means for bringing out effort in employees; people are self-directed and have self-control; high degree of imagination and ingenuity

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Theory Y

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scientific methods and draws from sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, and other disciplines to develop theories about human behavior and interaction in an organizational setting

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Behavioral Sciences Approach

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Unity of command, scalar chain, division of work, unity of direction

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Henri Fayol's Principles of Management

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also referred to as the quantitative perspective, provided a way to address those problems; view is distinguished for its application of mathematics, statistics, and other quantitative techniques to management decision making and problem solving

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Management Science

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use of mathematics, statistics, and computer technology to facilitate management decision making

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Quantitative Techniques

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consists of mathematical model building and other applications of quantitative techniques to managerial problems

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Operations Research

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refers to the field of management that specializes in the physical production of goods or services; solve manufacturing problems; forecasting, inventory modeling, linear and nonlinear programming, queuing theory, scheduling, simulation, and break-even analysis

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Operations Management

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most recent subfield of management science, which is often reflected in management information systems designed to provide relevant information to managers in a timely and cost-efficient manner; intranets and extranets, as well as various software programs that help managers estimate costs, plan and track production, manage projects, allocate resources, or schedule employees

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Information Technology (IT)

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financial managers and others who base their decisions on complex quantitative analysis, under the assumption that using advanced mathematics and sophisticated computer technology can accurately predict how the market works and help them reap huge profits

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Quants

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ability to see both the distinct elements of a system or situation and the complex and changing interaction among those elements

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System Thinking

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set of interrelated parts that function as a whole to achieve a common purpose

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System

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parts of a system, such as an organization, that depend on one another

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Subsystem

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whole is greater than the sum of its parts; need to understand the synergy of the whole organization, rather than just the separate elements, and to learn to reinforce or change whole system patterns

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Synergy

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tells managers that what works in one organizational situation might not work in others. Managers can identify important contingencies that help guide their decisions regarding the organization; Case View; organizational phenomena exist in logical patterns; managers devise and apply similar responses to common types of problems

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Contingency View

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"There is one best way" to things

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Universalist View

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"Every situation is unique"

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Case View

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refers to technologies, skills, and processes for searching and examining massive, complex sets of data that traditional data processing applications cannot handle to uncover hidden patterns and correlations; ex: Facebook and Amazon targeting people

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Big Data Analytics

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refers to managing the sequence of suppliers and purchasers, covering all stages of processing from obtaining raw materials to distributing finished goods to consumers

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Supply Chain Management

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people are emotionally involved in their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions, contribute enthusiastically to meeting team and organizational goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization and its mission

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Employee Engagement

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Economic Forces

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These forces influence the organization by affecting the price and availability of resources and the prices at which an organization can sell products and services.

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Bureaucratic Organization

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Proposed by Max Weber, this approach to management focuses on designing organizations with formal lines of authority and standard operating procedures to promote efficiency.

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Human Relations Movement

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Resulting from the Hawthorne studies in the early 1920's, this movement suggests that employees perform better when their managers treat them better.

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Systems Thinking

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A view of management that requires observation of a complete organization as well as the organization's relation with its environment and relations between the parts of the organization.

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Supply Chain Management

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The idea is use in operations to control the flow of a product through the organization, from inputs through outputs.

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Gantt Chart

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This chart shows you when each part of a project will start and how long it will take to complete.

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Information Technology

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Computers, software and networks are all critical parts of this approach to helping managers get the information they need to run their companies effectively.

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Henry Gantt

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Which of the management theorists developed a chart that showed timelines for various parts of a project as bar graphs?

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Administrative Principles

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W.B., make sure you managers are spending time in five different areas: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. If they're overlooking an area, the company won't be as effective.

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Scientific Management

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The best way to increase your workers' productivity is to carefully study their movements. Figure out the fastest way to get the job done correctly, then train all of the employees to do it that same way.

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Bureaucratic Management

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Have you assigned responsibilities to a particular job, rather than to an individual? Companies operate more effectively when tasks are associated with positions and when those positions are organized in a hierarchy of authority.

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within

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The human relations movement was based on the idea that truly effective control comes from ____ the individual worker.

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human relations

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Scholars disagree on the factors that truly contributed to the general increase in performance during the Hawthorne studies. Most early interpretations, however, agreed that the factor that best explained increased output was _____.

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Douglas McGregor

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This individual use Maslow's work as the basis for his own work defining two different types of managers.

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Chester Barnard

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His concept of the "informal organization" suggests that cliques and other social groups can affect employee behavior.

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Theory X

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The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible.

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Theory Y

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External control and the threat of punishment are not the only means for bringing about effort toward organization objects. A person will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which he is committed.

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Models in all three theories are based on past history

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Which of the following characteristics do operations research, supply chain management and customer relations management have in common?

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Synergy

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Supposed that an organization with good information is twice as effective as one without good information and that an organization with good employees is twice as effective as one without good employees. On the other hand, an organization with good information and good employees is 10 times more effective than one without good information or good employees. This known as _____.

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output, transformation, output

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As you go through your day, see how often you can apply a systems perspective to business activities occurring all around you. For example, consider the inputs, transformations and outputs at a fast food restaurant such as McDonald's. French fries are part of McDonald's _____ process, while slicing onions is a part of the ______ process, and total profits are a part of the ____ process.

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At large universities, professors who make funny faces in class are rated highly by their students, whereas in small universities, professors who make funny faces receive poor student ratings; Employees with engineering backgrounds will be more successful in companies where the CEO also has an engineering background than in companies where the CEO does not have an engineering background.

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Which of the following hypotheses are contingency theories?

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Humanistic Management Theory

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Employees do a better job of selling when they are happy at work. You make sure that you check in with employees frequently, addressing any of their concerns as soon as they arise.

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Management Science

answer

You carefully analyze the sales figures of each employee and compare the employee's salary with the amount of merchandise sold. You find that Rachel and Rebecca sell 80% of your merchandise, but Rafael is being paid almost twice the amount they receive. You decide to fire Rafael.

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Contingency Theory

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You notice that Roberto and Rachel make more sales when they offer suggestions to customers while Rebecca and Rafael make more sales when they allow the customers to browse on their own. As a result, you encourage Roberto and Rachel to offer suggestions, and you encourage Rebecca and Rafael to let customers browse.

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Classical Management Theory

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Watching your employees, you notice that Rebecca is the best. Every time customers come into the store, Rebecca smiles and greets them. You train all your employees to smile at people when they come into the store.

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True

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The unwritten, common rules and perceptions about relationships among people and between employees and management refer to the social contract

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He used social force and built his company's reputation with a quality product that people were able to trust.

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Glenn Rink, founder of Abtech Industries, used the "drop back and punt" method when his product of oil-spill absorbing sponges was met with a cool response. He focused on small scale disasters while simultaneously building a reputation for offering low-cost alternatives to cleanup and pollution problems so that he eventually expanded his company globally. Differentiate the forces Rink used in managing his company

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She can use social media to help her company add directly to the humanity of production.

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As a manager, Olivia is discovering the need for building better communication between employees and customers at the small public relations firm where she works. Currently the firm uses email and takes phone calls from clients in order to communicate. Decide what Olivia can do to improve her firms' communication and collaboration with its cliental

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Unity of command

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Which of Henri Fayol's principles of management refers to the situation in which a subordinate receives orders from one—and only one—supervisor?

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Semco is using Theory Y because it wants to utilize employee creativity and mental power.

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Brazil-based company Semco harnesses the wisdom of all its employees. It allows employees to control their work hours, location, and even pay plans. Employees also participate in all organizational decisions, including what businesses Semco should pursue. Identify whether Semco is using Theory X or Theory Y, and why that theory is being applied.

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Management Science

answer

A management perspective that applies mathematics, statistics, and other quantitative techniques to managerial problems is known as the __________ perspective.

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His software is providing doctors relevant information in an accurate and timely manner.

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Navid works in IT at a large hospital. He is managing a project to design software the company can use on its intranet allowing doctors within the organization to see patient information simultaneously. Relate how Navid is using management science to maintain up-to-the-minute, completely accurate records on patients.

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Peter Senge

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Who is the originator of "the circles of causality"?

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By making the displays movable she is using synergy and a case view realizing that this situation is unique to her store.

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Kendall is the manager at a local supermarket. She has observed that during busy shopping times it is difficult for two shoppers to look in the same area because the aisles are so close together. She has decided to use easily movable displays for some items that will allow the aisles to be widened, making shopping easier during busy times. Explain how Kendall is demonstrating systems thinking and the contingency view.

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Technology

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The latest techniques for customer relationship management (CRM) rely on a sophisticated use of:

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UPS still emphasized efficiency, but also showed innovation by introducing the company's own cargo liner.

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When UPS became aware that third-party logistics services were a growing part of the business, managers realized they had to expand employees' mindsets and help them to see that UPS was both efficient and innovative and that the two were not incompatible. General Motors (GM) was the "ideal" model in a post-World War II environment, but by 2009 was bankrupt. Compare the way these two organizations made use of contemporary management tools.

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Supply Chain Management

answer

The process of managing suppliers and purchasers through the stages of obtaining raw materials to distributing finished goods to consumers is called:

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He is using big data analytics and supply chain management.

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Sevin manages an information technology (IT) department for an online retailer, and he soon realizes that to keep pace with evolving needs and technology, his company will need to increase the amount of money they currently spend on IT. Sevin is putting together a proposal for his boss, which predicts how the company can more efficiently collect data from online purchases and at the same time quickly distribute its goods to consumers. Choose which two technologies Sevin is using in his proposal.

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True

answer

Due to the demands of younger employees for changes in workplace culture and practices, the response has been to use the bossless workplace and to place a renewed emphasis on the humanistic approach.

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He is using a bossless workplace as well as employee engagement.

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Jorge is the founder of a publishing company. He utilizes a management system where employees are emotionally invested in their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions and feel a sense of belonging to the organization and its mission. He has also made it possible where many employees are able to work from home or other locations outside the office. Relate what Jorge has done at his company.

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