MMBB 154 – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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| What is the difference between Sterilization & Sanitation? |
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| Sterilization is the destruction of all living microbes, spores, and viruses. Sanitation reduced the numbers of pathogens or discourages their growth. |
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| When does an object become "unsterile"? |
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| A sterile object becomes contaminated when it comes in contact with AIR. |
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| How does moist heat kill microbes? |
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| It denatures their proteins |
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| True or False: Boiling water may not kill all spores or inactivate all viruses? |
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| True |
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| What does pasteurization do to bacterial populations in food and drink? |
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| It reduces the chances of spoilage and disease |
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| True or False: Bacterial spores are not affected by pasteurization? |
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| True |
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| What is the best coverage of UV light used to control microbial growth? |
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| 100 - 400 nm |
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| What is the flash pasteurization method? |
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| 71.6 degrees C for 15 seconds |
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| What is the holding (or batch) method for pasteurizing? |
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| Involves heating at 63 degrees C for 30 minutes. Although any thermophilic bacteria would thrive at this temperature, they are of little consequence because they cannot grow at body temperatures. |
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| What is pasteurization? |
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| Reduces the bacterial population of a liquid such as milk and destroys organisms that my cause spoilage andn human disease. |
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| True of False: UV light can be bactericidal? |
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| True |
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| True of False: X rays and gamma rays also are microbicidals? |
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| True |
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| What involves preserving a microorganisms in food by removing the water necessary for microbes to live? |
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| Drying |
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| What preserving method causes water to diffuse out of organisms, causing dehydration and death? |
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| Salting |
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| What preserving method lowers microbial metabolic and growth rates, retarding spoilage? |
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| Low temperature |
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| True of False: chemical agents always achieve sterilization? |
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| False, they rarely achieve sterilization |
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| Although chemical agents do not always achieve sterilization, what do they do? |
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| They disinfect( destroy pathogens) |
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| What are used to destroy pathogens on living tissue? |
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| Antiseptics |
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| What means to reduce microbial population to a safe level? |
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| sanitizing |
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| What term refers to removing organisms from an object's surface? |
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| Degerming |
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| What are the qualities of antiseptics and disinfectants? |
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| What is important when choosing an agent? |
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| When evaluating the effectiveness of antispectics and disinfectants, what indicates the disinfecting ability compared to that of phenol? |
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| The Phenol coefficient (PC) |
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| What is the Phenol Coefficient (PC) |
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| An in-use test to compare samples substrate before and after disinfection |
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| What are antibiotics derived from? |
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| living organisms |
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| What do semi-synthetic drugs include? |
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| Synthetic and Antibiotic elements |
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| Who originated the concept of selective toxicity? |
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| Paul Ehrlich |
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| What red industrial dye was found to inhibit some Gram-positive bacterial species? |
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| Prontosil |
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| Who discovered arsphenamine for use against the syphilis spirochete? |
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| Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata |
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| Who had the serendipitous discovery of penicillin and also ushered in the era of antibiotics? |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| Who believed that chance favors the prepared mind? |
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| Fleming, Florey, and Chain |
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| What is penicillin? |
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| mold that produces a substance that kills Gram-positive bacteria |
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| What does Selective toxicity mean? |
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| That a drug should harm the pathogen but not the host |
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| What does the toxic dose of a drug do to the host? |
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| It is the concentration that causes harm to the host |
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| What does the therapeutic dose do to the host? |
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| Nothing, this concentration eliminates the pathogen |
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| Together, what do the toxic dose and therapeutic dose do? |
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| They are used to formulate the chemotherapeutic index |
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| True or False: Do narrow spectrum drugs affect all pathogens? |
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| False; they only affect a few pathogens |
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| What group does broad spectrum durgs affect? |
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| Taxonomic groups |
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| What does bacteria synthesize folic acid from? |
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| para-aminobenzoic acid |
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| This synthetic antimicrobial interferes with mycolic acid synthesis in species of mycobacterium |
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| Isoniazid |
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| What synthetic antimicrobial blocks DNA synthesis in bacteria? |
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| Quinolones |
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| What is the range for which drugs will work against pathogens? |
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| This is called the antimicrobial spectrum |
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| What do sulfanilmide and other sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs) do? |
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| They target specific metabolic reactions (bactrin used in urinary tract infections) |
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| What does sulfonamides do in a bacterial enzyme? |
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| They out compete essential folic acid components for binding sites |
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| How do sulfanomides out compete the essential folic acids? |
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| They prevent nucleic acid synthesis and DNA replication |
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| What is the most widely used antibiotic |
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| Penicillin |
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| How does penicillin cause the cell the burst? |
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| They interfere with cell wall synthesis |
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| Why do some individuals experience an anaphylactic allergic reaction when taking penicillin? |
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| They have inherited a protein that binds penicillin and appears as a foreign molecule to the immune system |
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| Define beta-lactamases |
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| This is what many penicillin-resistant species produce that inactivates penicillin |
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| What may be a broader spectrum alternative to penicillin? |
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| Cephalosporins |
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| What two elements are Cephalosporins derived from? |
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It is derived from Fungi
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| What bacterially produced antibiotic inhibits cell wall synthesis? |
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| Vancomycin |
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| What may be some side effects using Vancomycin? |
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| Damage to ear and kidneys |
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| What are Vancomycin effective against? |
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| Gram positive bacteria such as... staphylococci |
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| What are the four mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance? |
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| What microbe produces aflatoxins that accumulate in grains, nuts, and corn? |
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| Aspergillus flavus |
