Mkt 474 Ch 4 – Flashcards
65 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 65question
Which of the following is a way individuals learn culture from social institutions?
answer
Socialization
Unlock the answer
question
The process of adjusting to a new culture is known as:
answer
Acculturation
Unlock the answer
question
6 Social Institutions
answer
Religious Value Systems Government Policies Corporations Media School & Education Family Behaviors
Unlock the answer
question
Family behavior
answer
varies across the world e.g., extended families living together to Dad washing dishes
Unlock the answer
question
Religious value systems
answer
differ across the world, e.g., Muslims not allowed to eat pork to Hindus not allowed to consume beef
Unlock the answer
question
School
answer
education, and literacy rates affect culture and economic growth
Unlock the answer
question
Media
answer
(magazines, TV, the Internet) influences culture and behavior
Unlock the answer
question
Government Policies
answer
influence the thinking and behaviors citizens of adult citizens, e.g., the French government offers new "birth bonuses" of $800 given to women as an incentive to increase family size
Unlock the answer
question
Corportations
answer
influence culture via the products they market, e.g., MTV
Unlock the answer
question
Rituals
answer
Patterns of behavior and interaction that are learned and repeated vary from country to country Ex: Extended Lunch hours in Spain and Greece
Unlock the answer
question
Language
answer
the symbols of time, space, things, friendships, and agreements
Unlock the answer
question
Beliefs
answer
Stem from religious training, vary from culture to culture
Unlock the answer
question
"Asian and Western" thinking is an example of
answer
Thought Processes
Unlock the answer
question
Hofstede's Dimensions
answer
Individualism/Collective Index (IDV) Power Distance Index (PDI) Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) Masculinity/Femininity Index (MAS) Time Orientation Index (TOI)
Unlock the answer
question
Individualism/ Collectivism Index (IDV)
answer
refers to the preference for behavior that promotes one's self-interest
Unlock the answer
question
High IDV cultures
answer
reflect an "I" mentality and tend to reward and accept individual initiative
Unlock the answer
question
Low IDV cultures
answer
reflect a "we" mentality and generally subjugate the individual to the group
Unlock the answer
question
Power Distance Index (PDI)
answer
measures power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system
Unlock the answer
question
High PDI
answer
tend to be hierarchical and value power and social status
Unlock the answer
question
Low PDI
answer
value equality and reflect egalitarian views
Unlock the answer
question
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)
answer
measures the tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity among members of a society
Unlock the answer
question
Low UAI
answer
associated with a low level of anxiety and stress, a tolerance of deviance and dissent, and a willingness to take risks
Unlock the answer
question
High UAI
answer
highly intolerant of ambiguity, experience anxiety and stress, accord a high level of authority to rules as a means of avoiding risk
Unlock the answer
question
Masculinity/Femininity Index (MAS)
answer
focuses on assertiveness and achievement
Unlock the answer
question
Monochronic time (M-time)
answer
typifies most North Americans, Swiss, Germans, and Scandinavians Ex) Most low-context cultures operate concentrating on one thing at a time
Unlock the answer
question
Polychronic time (P-time)
answer
more dominant in high-context cultures Ex) characterized by multi-tasking and by "a great involvement with people"
Unlock the answer
question
Nuclear Family
answer
a married couple and their offspring Ex) The United States
Unlock the answer
question
Extended Family
answer
A family that includes three or more generations. Normally, that would include grandparents, their sons or daughters, and their children Ex) Cairo
Unlock the answer
question
Factual Knowledge
answer
is usually obvious and must be learned, e.g., different meanings of colors, and different tastes; it deals with a facts about a culture.
Unlock the answer
question
Interpretive Knowledge
answer
is the ability to understand and appreciate the nuances of different cultural traits and patterns. • Requires a degree of insight • It is dependent on past experience for interpretation • It is prone to misinterpretation if one's SRC is used Ex) the meaning of time, and attitudes toward people
Unlock the answer
question
Culture
answer
the sum of the "values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned, shared by a group of people, and transmitted from generation to generation"
Unlock the answer
question
Cultural Values
answer
differences, which is found to exist among countries, affects consumer behavior
Unlock the answer
question
Linguistic distance
answer
crossing wider language differences increases transaction costs, is proving useful to marketing researchers in market segmentation and strategic entry decisions
Unlock the answer
question
Aesthetics
answer
art, folklore, music, drama, dance
Unlock the answer
question
Cultural Borrowing
answer
• : society finding answers by looking to other cultures from which they can borrow ideas for particular problems ex) breakfast---orange from Mediterranean, coffee, waffles by Belgium, wheat Asia minor
Unlock the answer
question
Planned Change
answer
deliberately set out to change those aspects of the culture offering resistance to predetermined marketing goals
Unlock the answer
question
Unplanned Change
answer
introduce a product and hope for the best ex) Japan has changed with introduction of milk and bread after WWII---Japan who was predominately fish eaters, have increased their intake of protein and animal fat
Unlock the answer
question
Cultural Imperative
answer
customs that must be recognized and accommodated if relationships are to be successful
Unlock the answer
question
Cultural Electives
answer
customs to which adaptation is helpful, but not necessary (kissing a man for an introduction, eating foods that don't agree with digestive system, drinking alcoholic beverages)
Unlock the answer
question
Cultural Exclusives
answer
customs in which the outsider must not participate (Christian acting like a Muslim or a foreigner joking about a country's politics and peculiarities)
Unlock the answer
question
Subordination
answer
giving large sums of money—frequently not properly accounted for—designed to entice an official to commit an illegal act on behalf of the one offering the bribe
Unlock the answer
question
Bribery
answer
the giving or offering of a bribe
Unlock the answer
question
Lubrication
answer
involves a relatively small sum of cash, a gift, or a service given to a low ranking official in a country where such offerings are not prohibited by law.
Unlock the answer
question
The four social institutions that most strongly influence values and culture are schools, churches, families, and the media (T/F)
answer
T
Unlock the answer
question
People from cultures with high Power Distance Index scores are more likely to have a general distrust of others (T/F)
answer
T
Unlock the answer
question
When marketers first introduced the personal digital assistant (PDA) to the American consumer, they performed the role of being _____ because the cultural impact of the product became widespread
answer
Agents of Change
Unlock the answer
question
According to the World Bank, no country with less than fifty percent literacy has succeeded economically (T/F)
answer
T
Unlock the answer
question
According to Dutch management professor Geert Hofstede, culture is referred to as the
answer
"Software of the Mind"
Unlock the answer
question
According to Edward Hall's comments on culture, which of the following could hurt companies and careers in foreign markets?
answer
Ignorance of cultural differences in the foreign market
Unlock the answer
question
The Individualism/Collective Index, identified by Geert Hofstede, refers to the preference for behavior that promotes one's self-interest (T/F)
answer
T
Unlock the answer
question
The Masculinity/Feminity Index (MAS), identified by Geert Hofstede, focuses on risk orientation (T/F)
answer
F
Unlock the answer
question
We are less likely to evaluate a person's behavior in terms of what is familiar to us because we use our self-reference criterion (SRC) (T/F)
answer
F
Unlock the answer
question
The three typical decision-making patterns are top-level management decisions, decentralized decisions, and committee or group decisions (T/F)
answer
T
Unlock the answer
question
High-context cultures place great importance on the verbal aspects of communication (T/F)
answer
F
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is a criterion for adaptation when dealing with individuals, firms, or authorities in foreign countries
answer
Flexibility
Unlock the answer
question
In _____ decision making, participation by middle management tends to be deemphasized.
answer
Top-Level Management
Unlock the answer
question
Cultural imperatives are business customs that are generally similar across cultures (T/F)
answer
F
Unlock the answer
question
In _____ decision making, title or position generally takes precedence over the individual holding the job.
answer
Decentralized
Unlock the answer
question
High-Power Distance Index countries are more egalitarian than low-Power Distance Index countries. (T/F)
answer
F
Unlock the answer
question
Research has shown that commitment of workers to their companies tended to be higher in countries:
answer
Higher in individualism and lower in power distance
Unlock the answer
question
According to the high-context/low-context continuum identified by Edward T. Hall, communication in a low-context culture depends on:
answer
The verbal expression
Unlock the answer
