Mitosis and Meiosis Study Guide – Flashcards
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cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle
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cell cycle
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stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates, or makes copies of its DNA in preparation for the next stage of the cycle
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interphase
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first phase of interphase, cell grows and performs normal functions
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G1
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second phase of intephase, synthesis; DNA is replicated (my boy Corbett)
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S
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the last 5% of interphase, when the cell prepares for mitosis. (watered down Gatorade)
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G2
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replicated genetic material seperates and cell prepares to split into two cells, cell division of the body for growth and repair
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Mitosis
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the first step in mitosis, the chromatins condense into chromosomes with house genetic material needed in the cells
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prophase
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second stage and one of the shortest stages of mitosis; sister chromatids pull apart and line up on the equator of the cell; this ensures that the cell has accurate copies of the chromosomes
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metaphase
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microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten, sister chromatids separate, and chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell
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anaphase
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chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax; 2 new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear; the spindle apparatus disappears
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telophase
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cytoplasm division, 3rd main stage of cell cycle, during which cell's cytoplasm divides creating new cell; in plant cells a cell plate is created.
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cytokinesis
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proteins that bind to cyclin-dependent kinesis to start various activities that take place in the cell cycle
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cyclins
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the uncontrolled growth and division of cells, it is a failure in the regulation of the cell cycle.
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cancer
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substances that are known to cause cancer.
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carcinogens
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programmed cell death, which occurs in cells damaged beyond repair or to stop the spread of cancer
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apoptosis
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unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions
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stem cells
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generate from various tissues of the body
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adult stem cells
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after fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100-150 cells. These cells haven't become specialized.
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embryonic stem cells
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body cells, also called diploid cells
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somatic cells
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cell division for sex cells call gametes (sperm and egg). the chromosomal number is divided in half.
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meiosis
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have half of the chromosome number of somatic cells
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gametes
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n chromosomes; half the number of chromosomes of a body cell. (23 - gametes only)
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haploid
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2n chromosomes, the whole number of chromosomes in a body cell. (46 - body cells only)
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diploid
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2
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How many cells are produced in mitosis
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46 each
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chromosome number in mitosis
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2n-diploid
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mitosis haploid or diploid
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4
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how many cells are produced during meiosis
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23 each
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chromosome number in meiosis
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n-haploid
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meiosis is haploid or diploid
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The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. It occurs during the late part of prophase 1 in meiosis.
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what crossing over is and when during meiosis does it take place
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Sex cells or gametes (n) are involved in fertilization, and the chromosome number of the cells at the end of fertilization, a zygote is formed with 46 chromosomes (2n-diploid cell).
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what cells are involved in fertilization and the chromosome number of the cells at the beginning and end of fertilization?
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Cells get too large for efficient diffusion of substances across the cell's interior.The larger the cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA.For the growth of multi-cellular organisms
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Why does the body constantly make new cells?
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DNA tightly coiled into two sister chromatids connected by the centromere
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What makes up each chromosome?
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Homologous pairs
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What are duplicated (doubled) chromosomes called?
