Midterm Study Guide : 9th Grade Biology
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carries copies for assembling amino acids into proteins
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Messenger RNA
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bonds with proteins, makes up ribosomes
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Ribosomal RNA
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transfer each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by a coded message
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Transfer RNA
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RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complimentary sequence in RNA
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Transcription
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a region of DNA which have specific base sequences
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Promoters
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changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information, come in many shapes and sizes
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Mutations
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mutations that affect one nucleotide
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Point Mutations
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when it involves insertion or deletion of a nucleotide, rRNA still reads in 3 but everything is shifted
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Frameshift mutation
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involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
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Chromosomal Mutations
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group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
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Anti-Codon
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three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
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Codon
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the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain(protein)
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Translation
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transcription enzyme that links RNA nucleotides together
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RNA polymerase
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segments of the chromosome are repeated
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Duplication
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loss of all or part of the chromosome
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Deletion
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oriented in the reverse of usual direction
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Inversion
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part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another
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Translocation
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produce changes in a single gene
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Gene Mutation
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produce changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
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Chromosomal Mutation
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one base is changed (substituted) for a different base
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Substitution
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the study of hereditary
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genetics
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the passing of traits from parents to offspring
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heredity
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feature of quality in a person
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trait
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traits that are passed down from generation to generation
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gene
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how genes are expressed, different forms of genes
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allele
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a trait that is shown, shown by a capital letter
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dominant
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shown by a lower case letter, hidden by the dominant allele
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recessive
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recessive trait that can only be seen if the organism inherits both alleles, having 2 dominant or 2 recessive alleles
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homozygous
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one dominant and one recessive, the dominant allele will show
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heterozygous
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homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygous
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genotype
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description of traits of an organism
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phenotype
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a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
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punnett square
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sex cell
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gamete
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does not influence the inheritance of another gene
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independent assortment
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parents have both alleles and will have one copy of each allele
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segregation
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the act of making and recording a measurement
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observation
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information gathered from observations
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data
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a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence
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hypothesis
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variable that is changed in an experiment
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independent variable
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variable that changes as a result of a change in the independent variable
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dependent variable
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an experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time
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controlled experiment
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the study of life
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biology
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(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
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cell
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smallest particle of an element
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atom
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process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
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homeostasis
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the part of earth where life exists
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biosphere
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living and nonliving things in an environment, together with their interactions
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ecosystem
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a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other
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community
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a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area
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population
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A living thing
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organism
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group of similar cells that perform a particular function
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tissue
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two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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molecule
