Midterm Study Guide Test Questions – Flashcards
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Another term for self-rule is _____.
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autonomy
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Advocates argue that _____ increase competition between public and private schools.
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vouchers
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A person's average body mass index (BMI) is the lowest at the ages of _____.
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5 to 6
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With regard to cognitive development, Piaget argued that _____ is more revealing than _____.
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how children think; what they know
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Lyrissa lives in Africa. She is 9 months old and does not weigh enough because of malnutrition. Her tissues are wasting away. Lyrissa suffers from _____.
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marasmus
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Jessica is reading a story aloud to her 3-year-old daughter, Abigail. Abigail's father says, "Why are you bothering? It's not like she's going to learn to read from that." What would you tell Abigail's father about reading to preschoolers?
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He's wrong; children whose parents read to them as preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary school.
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The term for all the environmental influences that affect development after conception is _____.
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nurture
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Four-year-old Yvonne is putting on her shoes and says, "I need to put my shoes on my foots." She is exhibiting _____.
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overregularization
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During the germinal period of prenatal development, some cells become part of the brain, some become part of the leg, some become part of the stomach, and so on. The term for this process is _____.
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differentiation
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A baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected given the time since conception is referred to as _____.
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small for gestational age
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Research indicates that a doula-assisted birth can benefit _____.
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all women
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In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, a school in the community is an example of which system?
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the exosystem
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Large movements that use many parts of the body are known as _____ motor skills.
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gross
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The boss praised his hourly employees for their good work. The boss hopes that the praise encourages the employees to continue to work hard. In this example, the reinforcement is _____.
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the boss's praise
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In the United States, low-income children are offered a free preschool education through _____.
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Head Start
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"I catched two mouses in a trap" is an example of _____.
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overregularization
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In Erikson's theory, the infant's earliest task is described as that of _____.
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learning trust or mistrust
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One problem with smaller school class sizes is that _____.
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the research supporting their advantages is mixed
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Stephanie did not learn to read until she was an adolescent. If Stephanie had learned to read during early or middle childhood, it would have been easier for her and would have taken less time. Stephanie's difficulty was because she did not learn to read during the _____ period.
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sensitive
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Bernie is a 5-year-old who has never visited a dentist, even though his family has dental insurance that allows for free regular checkups. His parents say that they will start taking him to the dentist when his first permanent tooth erupts. What should his parents know about delayed dental care?
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Untreated decay in "baby" teeth can harm permanent teeth.
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The health habits that children develop during the middle childhood years are _____.
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related to their health in adolescence and adulthood
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According to Piaget, interpreting new experiences to fit into old ideas is called _____.
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assimilation
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How a serious stressor affects a child depends to a large extent on _____.
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whether the child has experienced repeated stresses
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The amygdala is a brain structure that registers _____.
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emotions
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Research has found that a person's temperament is _____.
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linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy
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The four dimensions of a parenting style are warmth, discipline, communication, and _____.
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expectations for maturity
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A magician's goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to _____.
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demonstrate centration
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Adrionna has begun to participate in arguments on issues of right and wrong. She is developing her own moral thinking, guided by _____.
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her peers, parents, and culture
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According to the text, what method has been effective in stopping bullying in schools?
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using a whole-school strategy
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_____ believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention.
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B. F. Skinner
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Gross motor skills are _____.
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large movements
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On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, males have _____.
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an X and a Y chromosome
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The Common Core is a(n) _____ that was developed by experts and intended for nationwide use in response to doubts about state-level assessments.
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set of specific standards by subject and grade level
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Most babies learn to grasp and hold onto objects by about _____ months old.
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6
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Participants in a research study must understand and agree to the research procedures and also be made aware of any potential risks associated with participating in the research. This process is known as _____.
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informed consent
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Eric just started saying two-word sentences such as "Dada home" and "Doggie go." About how old is Eric likely to be?
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21 months
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Oliver has inherited genes that put him at risk for developing diabetes, but because of his healthy diet and exercise he is not diabetic. This example demonstrates that human characteristics, including diabetes, are _____.
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epigenetic
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By the age of 2, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words; by the age of 6, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words.
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500; 10,000
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The Johnson family always eats dinner together as they really value family time. The Smith family, however, never eats dinner together as they all value their independence. The families' different values, which affect how they behave, are _____.
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social construction
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Unlike Freud, Erikson _____.
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emphasized family and culture in his stages
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A child's active play during the childhood years correlates with _____.
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peer acceptance
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Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age is considered _____.
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child maltreatment
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Family function refers to _____.
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how a family cares for its members
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Simon was a bully for years during elementary school. Now that he is an adult, he is more likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT _____.
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more bullying
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At what point in development is the sense of hearing already quite acute?
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at birth
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One in every _____ infants is born with only one sex chromosome or with three or more, which creates a chromosomal abnormality.
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500
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Because emotional regulation requires practice, maturation, and work, it is referred to as _____.
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effortful control
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One of several possible causes of autism spectrum disorder may be _____.
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abnormal development of the corpus callosum
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Janie is a 3-month-old infant participating in an experiment. She's lying in her crib with one end of a ribbon tied to her foot and the other end tied to a mobile dangling over her crib. She quickly learns that she controls the movement of the mobile with her kicking. One week later, the researchers return, tie the ribbon to her foot and hang the mobile above her crib. Immediately, Janie starts vigorously kicking. What does this experiment demonstrate?
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Three-month-olds can remember things for at least a week.
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Jordan's weight is in the 50th percentile. This means that _____.
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50 percent of children his age weigh less than he does
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Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney has developed _____.
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theory of mind
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As a father, Aahil rates low on nurturance and communication and high on maturity demands. He exhibits the _____ style of parenting.
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authoritarian
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The unspoken and often unrecognized lessons that children learn in school, which are the unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school, are called the _____.
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hidden curriculum
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When a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as to the meaningful one, they are exhibiting _____.
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classical conditioning
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Emotional reactions, especially those connected to self-awareness, depend in part on _____.
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memory
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What is the primary international test of science and math?
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TIMSS
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Object permanence is demonstrated by an infant who _____.
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searches for a toy that has fallen from sight
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The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between Hank's food intake and his hunger is _____.
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negative
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Some unpopular children are _____ rather than rejected.
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neglected
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During the fetal period of development, ____.
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the brain increases in size
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Which of the following is a learning disability related to math?
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dyscalculia
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Four-year-old Faisal and his mother were visiting Faisal's older sister's kindergarten classroom. Faisal pointed at his sister's teacher and asked his mother, "What's that mom's name?" Faisal's apparent assumption that all women are mothers is evidence of his use of _____.
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fast-mapping
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Childhood obesity is usually defined as a BMI above the _____ percentile.
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75th
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Juan is left-handed and always kicks with his left foot when playing soccer. This preference demonstrates _____, which advances with the development of the corpus callosum.
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lateralization
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Which scenario portrays a secure attachment?
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a child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver
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One-year-old Scotlyn lives in a loving, but noisy, family home with her parents and four siblings. She receives much positive attention and has a trusting relationship with her family. She will MOST likely develop _____ as her working model.
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a frame of reference that families are loving and loud
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Within Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, each of the developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge or _____.
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developmental crisis
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Research suggests that classrooms deprived of _____ are often considered harder to manage.
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recess
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Ann-Marie started walking when she was 10 months old; Cynthia is just beginning to take steps by herself at 13 months. Which conclusion is MOST likely true?
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Both girls are developing normally.
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Sigmund Freud was a _____.
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psychoanalytic theorist
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An important factor with respect to children coping with adversity is a child's _____.
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interpretation of the events
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Becky is a 4-month-old infant whose mother uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or phrases, and lots of repetition when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother's use of _____.
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child-directed speech
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Epigenetics means that a trait _____.
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is determined by genes and the environment
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The approach to cognitive development that uses details of the cognitive process instead of stages to describe cognition is called _____ theory.
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information-processing
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Emma studied for the spelling test all week; on the test, she spelled all the words correctly. Emma's ability to do well on her spelling test was based on her ability to _____.
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retrieve the correct spelling of words from long-term memory
