question

By his or her first birthday, a newborn's weight typically:

answer

triples

question

At 12 months, Toni was malnourished. His body stopped growing, but his brain did not. This supports the concept of:

answer

head-sparing

question

The brain development controls many functions. The development in discrete areas of the brain with control over different functions of perception and cognition can be seen in:

answer

specialization in areas of the cortex

question

Young children quickly begin to recognize attitudes and emotions in the faces of others. Early on they can differentiate people of their same ethnic background, and read expressions of emotionality particular to that culture. The persistence of this ability, often to the detriment of reading unfamiliar expressions of emotion, is called:

answer

the own-race effect

question

Where and how much a child sleeps is shaped by:

answer

culture, brain maturation, and family situations

question

perception requires processing, and therefore development of the _____________.

answer

cortex

question

A process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease is:

answer

immunization

question

Breast-feeding reduces the risk of?

answer

cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and asthma

question

Malnutrition is serious because:

answer

some chronic and deadly diseases result directly from malnutrition

question

What was Beal's hypothesis?

answer

babies sleeping better on their backs

question

Tertiary circular reactions are characterized by:

answer

active independent exploration and experimentation.

question

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) indicates that infants:

answer

have electrical activity in areas of the brain indicating that sensations are being processed earlier than proposed by Piaget.

question

Recent research on early affordances provides evidence that:

answer

even during the first year of life age makes a difference in which affordances will be perceived and then acted on.

question

Most developmentalists agree that very young infants can remember if:

answer

they have repeated reminders, special measures are taken to aid memory retrieval, and they are in the same environment or context as the initial experience

question

When do infants begin learning language?

answer

before birth

question

The typical order of spoken language development is:

answer

reflexive, cooing, babbling, simple words

question

Most babies speak their first recognizable words by ________, called ________.

answer

12 months; holophase

question

Cultural differences in communication appear to influence the:

answer

ratio of nouns to verbs and adjectives

question

3 theories of how children learn language? Which theorists proposed them?

answer

1) infants are taught language (social-pragmatic: Skinner) 2) they have a natural capacity for learning language (innate abilities: Chomsky) 3) they are socially programmed to communicate (behaviorism: Skinner)

question

Behaviorists believe that a mother who uses _________ will stimulate her child's communication skills.

answer

reinforcement

question

The social-pragmatic theory of language development highlights the importance of:

answer

social interaction (learning from others)

question

The first emotional expressions to emerge at birth are:

answer

crying and contentment

question

Emotions that require an awareness of other people are ______, _______, and ________.

answer

pride, shame, and embarrassment

question

Developmentalists agree that infants' emotional development is most directly tied to:

answer

brain development (limbic system)

question

Children's personality differences that originate with nature, or genes are called:

answer

temperamental traits

question

A mutually coordinated, rapid, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant is called:

answer

synchrony

question

A lasting bond between an infant and a caregiver is called:

answer

an attachment

question

One of the most influential factors that determine a child's type of attachment is the:

answer

responsiveness of parents

question

When an infant looks to another person for information about how to react, he or she is engaging in:

answer

social referencing

question

The theory that connects biosocial with psychosocial development is:

answer

psychoanalytic

question

Which perspective suggests that parents mold an infant's emotions and personality as they reinforce or punish their child?

answer

behaviorism

question

________ parenting involves close physical contact with a child, while _______ parenting involves engaging the child more intellectually.

answer

proximal; distal

question

In cognitive theory there are a set of assumptions that an individual uses to organize perceptions and experience. These assumptions are called:

answer

a working model

question

A theory that suggests that both infant and care givers have emotions and impulses in the social development process is:

answer

evolutionary thoery

question

High-quality day care during infancy has the following essential characteristics:

answer

1) adequate attention to each infant 2) encouragement of language and sensorimotor dev'l 3) warm responsive caregivers. 4) attention to health and safety. 5) professional care givers.

question

A typical 6-year-old in a developed nation- 1) weight: 2) height: 3) lean or chubby?

answer

1) b/w 40 and 50 pounds 2) at least 3½ ft 3) looks lean

question

The major nutritional deficit in early childhood in DEVELOPED countries is insufficient:

answer

iron, zinc, and calcium

question

The "just right" phenomenon refers to:

answer

young children's insistence on routine.

question

The 2-year-old brain weighs ________ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.

answer

75%

question

The process by which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron is:

answer

myelination

question

The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is:

answer

lateralization

question

What brain area is crucial for the overall expression and regulation of emotions?

answer

limbic system

question

What makes gross motor skills possible?

answer

brain maturation, motivation, guided practice

question

Fine motor skills require two ________ and thus ________ sides of the _________.

answer

hands; both; brain

question

All forms of artistic expression blossom during which age range?

answer

early childhood

question

The most common cause of death in childhood is:

answer

accidents

question

Why do experts prefer the term "injury control" to the term "accident prevention"?

answer

The use of the term "accident" suggests that no one is at fault and that certain events are inevitable.

question

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being is the definition of:

answer

child abuse

question

Improving the economic climate and decreasing financial instability to reduce child abuse is an example of:

answer

primary prevention

question

What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?

answer

preoperational intelligence

question

According to Piaget, one of the reasons that logic is beyond young children is that:

answer

are limited by their own personal perspective (egocentrism)

question

Vygotsky proposed that an important role of _________ is to assist with cognitive development

answer

language

question

How has Vygotsky's theory concerning language and cognition been associated with the development of math skills?

answer

Hearing number words in different languages can be correlated with the variation in the development of math skills from one culture to another.

question

The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes:

answer

theory of mind

question

Though studies comparing preschool children from various countries found some variations, what did they identify as the primary factor in development of theory of mind?

answer

maturation of the prefontal cortex

question

The term for the time when language learning is most easily and readily accomplished is:

answer

sensitive period (6 or 7)

question

The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called:

answer

fast mapping

question

According to your text, it benefits their intellectual flexibility when children:

answer

children become balanced bilingual

question

Preschools benefit early childhood learning by providing opportunities for children to get practice in:

answer

math, social, and language skills

question

What has been a strategy Head Start has emphasized since the early days of operation?

answer

parents and teachers must communicate and cooperate w/ each other

question

Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through:

answer

self-direction and discovery

question

The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to:

answer

help children get "ready to learn"

question

What is NOT one of the long-term benefits found in the intensive, early intervention programs described in the text?

answer

higher IQ scores in high school

question

What was the curricular approach in the three early intervention programs described in the text?

answer

combo of child- and teacher-centered programs

question

Middle childhood is the healthiest period of the life span because:

answer

1) motor skills mastered 2) educated about risks/more cautious 3) most illnesses occur before or after middle childhood

question

According to the text, school-age children's growth is:

answer

slow and steady

question

According to the text, one of the benefits of physical activity is:

answer

better school acheivement

question

Because of obesity, children will be less likely to: (3)

answer

1) to attend college 2) to get married 3) find a job appropriate for their abilities

question

3 causes of childhood obesity?

answer

1) genes 2) parenting 3) social influences

question

A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airway is:

answer

asthma

question

3 contributions to a child's ability to increase his speed of thinking?

answer

1) repitition 2) myelination 3) automatization

question

IQ tests predict __________

answer

school achievement

question

The developmental psychopathology perspective assumes that abnormality is ___________

answer

normal

question

A lesson of developmental psychopathology that applies to all children

answer

disabilities change year by year

question

A diagnosis of ADHD indicates that a child not only has problems concentrating but also is:

answer

inattentive, impulsive, and overactive

question

"Learning disability" refers to:

answer

a marked delay in a particular area of learning

question

3 signs of an autistic spectrum disorder are:

answer

1) delayed language 2) impaired social responses 3) unusual and repetitive play

question

A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs is referred to as a(n):

answer

individual education plan (IEP)

question

"Gifted" generally refers to children with IQ scores above:

answer

130

question

According to Piaget, the stage of thinking that is characteristic of middle childhood is:

answer

concrete operational

question

When Piaget referred to concrete operations, he meant logic applied in situations that:

answer

dealt with visible, tangible, real things

question

A significant contribution of Piaget's cognition theory is that he realized that school-age children become:(3)

answer

1) less egocentric 2) more flexible in logic 3) capable of classification

question

Piaget stressed the ______________, whereas Vygotsky stressed the _________________.

answer

child's own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction from others

question

Vygotsky believed that children learn from their:

answer

peers, culture, and teachers

question

The information-processing perspective compares human thinking processes to:

answer

computers

question

Which aspect of memory has a very large capacity by middle childhood?

answer

long-term memory

question

The ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task, is called:

answer

metacognition

question

A child's ability to speak formally or informally depending on the audience and the context is called:

answer

pragmatics

question

Decades of research throughout the world have found a strong correlation between academic achievement and:

answer

SES

question

The unrecognized rules and priorities that influence a child's learning in school are called the:

answer

hidden curriculum

question

The 2001 No Child Left Behind federal law was enacted because:

answer

to promote high standards for students

question

The strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language is called:

answer

bilingual education

question

A finding of international assessments is the issue of ____________________ continues to be controversial in almost every nation.

answer

how to best teach children

question

According to the text, the issue with comparing and evaluating home schooling, charter schools, and voucher situations is that:

answer

no way to tell what is considered the "best education" nor can it be measured

question

During Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority, children:

answer

attempt to master many skills

question

During middle school, a child's self-concept:

answer

becomes less imaginary/positive to more realistic/specific

question

Many cultures expect children to be ________, not ________.

answer

modest, not prideful

question

4 Key aspects in a child's resilience is the stressed child's ability to:

answer

1) interpret family sitch (Parentification) 2) Development of friends, activities`, and skills 3) Participation in school success and after-school activities 4) Involvement in community, church, and other programs

question

Recent research on shared and nonshared environmental factors and their influence on children's developing temperaments has found that:

answer

parents' attitudes have a direct effect on the child's behavior

question

Family ____________ refers to the legal and genetic relationships of related people living together, and family ____________ refers to the way a family works to care for its members.

answer

Structure; function

question

The two factors that interfere with family function in every structure, ethnic group, and nation are:

answer

low income and high conflict

question

The difference in the psychosocial development of preoperational children as compared to that of middle-school children is that:

answer

preoperational children's egocentrism makes them less likely to be affected by others' opinions and judgements

question

Older children tend to choose best friends whose:

answer

interests, values, and backgrounds refelct their own

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of both aggressive-rejected and withdrawn-rejected children?

answer

they tend to misinterpret social situations

question

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of:

answer

bullying

question

A review of research on successful ways to halt bullying found that:

answer

the whole school must change, not just the bullies

question

The theorist associated with the six stages of moral reasoning is:

answer

Kohlberg

question

___________ thinking, which gives children the ability to observe and use logic, propels them to think about morality.

answer

concrete operational

question

Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the __________ to the _________.

answer

hypothalamus; pituitary

question

A major influence on the age of onset of menarche is ___________.

answer

genetics

question

In what way does stress affect puberty?

answer

it increases the hormones that start puberty

question

What is important for many adolescents in every nation?

answer

size and maturation

question

3 reasons adolescents are deficient in their intake of necessary vitamins and minerals:

answer

1) healthy foods cost more. 2) unhealthy foods are more desirable. 3) vending machines in schools.

question

3 symptoms of bulimia nervosa:

answer

1) binging and purging 2) compulsive overeating 3) an overuse of laxatives

question

According to the text, what explains why many teenagers are thrill seekers?

answer

prefrontal cortex is immature

question

3 beneficial results of changes in the adolescent brain can be seen in:

answer

1) increased myelination 2) enhanced dopamine production 3) synaptic growth (moral dev'l and openness)

question

What has the greatest influence on a girl's choice for her first sexual partner?

answer

culture

question

According to the text, early adolescent sexual activity correlates with:

answer

drug abuse/depression

question

sexual abuse increases during

answer

early puberty

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