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Middle childhood

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ages 7 - 11, is generally a happy, healthy time of life.

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Obesity

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Rates have stabilized in the U.S. since 2000, but 1/3 of children are overweight & 18% are obese Prevalence of being overweight among children 6 - 11 years old has increased more than 300% since 1974. 42 million children considered overweight world wide. In 2004, 2-5 range was over 14% now its under 8%

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What Causes Obesity?

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Overweight parents Lack of physical activity Poor eating habits Low SES-cost a lot buy healthy food. Fast food & super-sizing Television

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Television Viewing & Obesity

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Average American child spends 3-4 hours a day watching TV! Several studies suggest a POSITIVE association between TV & obesity. Watching 1 hour of TV a day increases risk of childhood obesity by 60% (DeBoer et al., 2015)

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What's the Mechanism?

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TV displaces physical activity Increased consumption of food while watching TV Advertising encourages poor food choices. Reduction in resting metabolism

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Obesity Health Risks

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High blood pressure, cholesterol Respiratory problems Liver, gallbladder disease Sleep, digestive disorders Diabetes, cancer Early death

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The Stigma of Obesity

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Feeling unattractive Stereotyping Teasing, social isolation, loneliness Depression, emotional problems School problems Problem behaviors Reduced life chances

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Brain Development

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Increasing maturation results in a highly interconnected brain by age 7 or 8.

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Selective attention

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ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others—improves markedly around age 7

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Automatization

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Some skills become routine (e.g., reading, writing one's name).

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reaction time

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Increasing myelination reduces reaction time from birth to about age 16

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Achievement Tests

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Measure what has been learned, not potential (e.g., MEAP)

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Aptitude Tests

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Measure one's potential

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IQ Tests

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Designed to measure intellectual aptitude or ability to learn in school (e.g. Stanford-Binet, WISC-IV-R)

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IQ

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(mental age/chronological age) X 100

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Flynn Effect

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Flynn effect is the idea that IQ's have risen across the world substantiality over the last 100 years. -improvement in educational systems -technology -smaller families

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Criticisms of IQ Testing

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Tests are culturally biased. A person's potential changes with time. IQ tests should be part of a battery of assessments for an individual child.

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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence: Analytical Intelligence

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Apply strategies acquire task relevant and metacognitive knowledge Engange in self-regulation

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STTSI: Creative Intelligence

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Solve novel problems Make processing skills automatic to free working memory of complex thinkning

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STTSI: Practical Intelligence

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Adapt Shape Select environments to meet both personal goals and the demands of ones everyday world..

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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

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Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Intrerpersonal-how well know oneself Intrapersonal-how well you do socially Naturalist Spiritual/existential

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What does an IQ score tell us

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learning disabilities, giftedness, & other special needs. predicts school achievement & to some degree, career attainment in adulthood.

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GRIT

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individuals that have lots of perseverance and passion for long term goals

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism is a developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication & interaction, & restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests and activities.

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Possible Causes of Autism

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Genes Teratogens (e.g., thimerosal) Viruses, infections, pesticides, or drugs

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Symptoms of Autism (DSM-5): language

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Lack of social-emotional reciprocity Delays in nonverbal communication Deficits in developing & maintaining relationships

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Symptoms of Autism (DSM-5): behavior

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Restricted, repetitive behaviors & interests: Stereotyped motor movements or speech Insistence on sameness or routiness Highly restricted, fixated interests Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input

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Concrete operational stage

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(7-11 years) is characterized by more logical, flexible, & organized thought—BUT limited to direct experiences & perceptions! Thinking is logical and concrete but it in not abstract

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Classification

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Ability to organize things into groups or categories according to some shared characteristic.

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Piaget's Class Inclusion Problem

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Are there more yellow daffodils or are there more flowers? Until the age of seven, most children will save that there are more yellow daffodils, and they don't really understand that a daffodils is a type of flower. It isnt until age 8 that they can make that association.

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Transitive inference

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refers to the ability to infer an unspoken connection between one fact and another This will increase dramatically around 7 or 8

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Seriation

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Knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series (e.g., number sequencing) This will increase dramatically around 7 or 8

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Cognitive maps

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Mental representations of familiar large scale spaces ( ex, neighborhood, school, playground)

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Preschool, early school age

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Landmarks

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Ages 8 - 10

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Landmarks along organized route of travel

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End of middle childhood 11-12

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Overall view of large-scale space

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Vygotsky: Cognition & Culture

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Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky believed that culture shapes cognition.

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Varanasi children; Mexican Americans in California

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Varanasi children- section of India where children are in an environment where they are speaking terms of direction, so by the time they are 8 or 9 they have a really good sense of direction. Been trained from their environment. Blind folded the children, spun them around, and they could still tell what direction they were facing.

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Vygotsky's emphasis on sociocultural contexts

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contrasts with Piaget's maturational, self-discovery approach.

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Silva, Correa-Chavez-

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Culture impacts not just what we learn but how we learn it. 80 children in mexico, sibling pairs. Half of the children were from indeginous parents from mexico and learned through observation. The other half learned through instruction. A lady came in and showed one sibling how to build a toy while the other one does what ever he wants. They brought them back a week later and told the one not watching that he had to build what the other built a week before without any instruction. The indeginous group did not need much instruction while the intruction group did.

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Information Processing

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Cognition becomes more efficient in middle childhood. Basic structures remain the same—but capacity increases throughout adult.

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Three "Parts" of Memory

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Sensory register Working memory Long-term memory

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Sensory register

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registers incoming stimuli for a split second. Improve up until age 10 and then remain flat.

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Working memory

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Current, conscious mental activity occurs; improves from 4-15 years

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Long-term memory

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Stores information for minutes, hours, days, months, years; unlimited capacity (!)

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Speed of processing

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increases during the first 2 decades of life.

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Knowledge base

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A body of knowledge in a particular subject area that makes it easier to master new concepts.

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Pokémon experts (et al., 2002) see Balmford

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109 British children from the age of 4-11 and asked kids to identify types of pokemen and types of British wildlife. By 8 years old they knew more about pokemen because they were motivated to do so.

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Control processes

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(i.e., executive processes) regulate the analysis & flow of information within the information processing system. Selective attention Emotional regulation Metacognition (i.e., "thinking about thinking")

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gender-similarities hypothesis

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holds that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables. That is, men and women, as well as boys and girls, are more alike than they are different Processing speed develops more slowly in boys.

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Harold Stevenson

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studied > 5,000 families in Minneapolis, Taiwan & Japan Similar aptitude at school entry YET Asian students outperform U.S. students

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Harold Stevenson The Findings:

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Cultural valuing of academic achievement High levels of parental involvement More time devoted to classroom instruction Emphasis on EFFORT (not innate ability) When he started study, before they entered school there was no difference in aptitude. Tend to have a higher quality of teaching. Longer school year. Culturally parents in north america tend to place a value on innatability verses in japan which puts emphasis on effort.

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Specific learning disorders

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a marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by a physical disability, by an intellectual disability, or by an unusually stressful environment.

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Dyslexia

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Unusual difficulty with reading

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Dyscalculia

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Unusual difficulty with math, probably origination from a distinct part of the brain

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ADHD

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder- a condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention or by hyperactive or impulsive behavior

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Code-switching

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is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or dialect in conversation.

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