question

As a therapist, Dr. Mark helps clients recognize their own inner potential to reach personal goals. Most likely, Dr. Mark is what type of therapist?

answer

humanistic

question

correctly lists the goals of psychology

answer

describe,predict,explain,control/change

question

the following is a causal hypothesis

answer

the amount of alcohol consumed will influence the ability to walk a straight line

question

LaDonna is a researcher who studies the behavior of rats. Because she studies rats and not humans, LaDonna

answer

still has to get institutional review board approval and still has to follow APA ethical guidlines

question

the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method

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define the issue, form a hypothesis, choose a research stragety, conduct a study, analyse the data

question

the following is true regarding the use of deception in psychological research

answer

Deception is allowable as long as it is justifiably necessary and participants are debriefed appropriately

question

Sigmund Freud's ideas led to his formulation of

answer

psychoanalytic theory

question

A psychologist holding a biological view would most likely have a focus on

answer

the brain

question

Your psychology teacher believes that for psychology to be truly scientific, it must focus on observable and measurable actions. Your teacher is most likely a

answer

behaviorist

question

You are advising a friend on her choice of career. She says that she wants to be a psychologist. Knowing this, you should advise your friend that the highest level of degree that she will likely need to earn is a/an

answer

doctorate

question

the following would be of most interest to an industrial/organizational psychologist

answer

methods of increasing employee satisfaction

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Darwin's finches were an application of William James' idea of

answer

functionalism

question

the following psychologists most likely has a Psy.D. degree

answer

clinical psychologist

question

Psychologists attempt to understand behavior and mental processes by

answer

using the scientific method

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The study of how humans attain happiness is known as

answer

positive psychology

question

Early scientific psychology was influenced by

answer

philosophy,medicine,physiology

question

Evolutionary psychology shares a similarity with functionalism in that they both

answer

focus on the ability of organisms to adapt to their environment

question

Psychology became a distinct scientific field of study when

answer

Wihelm Wundt established a laboratory to study the mind in the late 1800

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Most psychologists take an eclectic approach in terms of the perspectives of psychology they use to explain people. This means that they

answer

intergrate several perspectives

question

The sociocultural perspective in psychology emphasizes the

answer

the role of society and culture in determinng behavior

question

Naturalistic observations are predominantly used to achieve the goals of

answer

description and prediction

question

the following is true regarding the use of animals in psychological research

answer

any animal used in research must be treated humanely and accord with all the laws and regulations

question

this statement would most likely have been made by William James

answer

rather than studying the elements of consciousness, psychology should study the function consciousness serves

question

the organization establishes the ethical guidelines for research conducted by psychologists

answer

American Psychological Association

question

Psychology is defined as the

answer

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

question

A hypothesis is

answer

an educated guess about the anticpated outcome of a study

question

Similar to Wilhelm Wundt, if you were to use a self-observation technique to analyze the basic elements of your thought processes, you would most likely be using a method called

answer

introspection

question

the gap between adjacent neurons is called

answer

synapse

question

you are unable to remember any of the events or episodes of your life, it may be because of damage to your

answer

hippocampus

question

Parkinson's disease is to

answer

small amounts of dopamine

question

schizophrenia is to

answer

large amounts of dopamine

question

The chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is

answer

GABA

question

the chief excitatory neurotransmitter is

answer

glutamate

question

Neurotransmitters are most analogous to

answer

mail carriers delivering mail

question

The branch of the nervous system that includes neurons that run between the brain and the muscles and between the brain and the internal organs is the

answer

peripheral nervous system

question

to name and function of all the neurotransmitters that researchers have identified, you would have to learn about how many neurotransmitters

answer

more than 100

question

If you take a drug that causes neurons in your brain to stop firing, the drug is said to have waht effects

answer

inhibitory

question

When you reach out and accidentally touch a hot stove, information is sent through what neurons to tell your central nervous system that it is hot.

answer

sensory

question

The two main divisions of the nervous system are

answer

peripheral, central

question

The symptoms of depression that may follow heavy use of MDMA (ecstasy) may result from depleted levels of

answer

serotonin

question

Alzheimer's patients are often prescribed medications that are designed to improve awareness and memory. The neurotransmitter most likely affected by these drugs is

answer

acetylcholine

question

An action potential is a

answer

neural impulse

question

speeds up neural signal

answer

myelin

question

Each neuron in the brain can potentially synapse with up to how many other neurons

answer

10,000

question

recycling and returning of neurotransmitters to the presynaptic neuron

answer

reuptake

question

the left hemisphere seems to be more active during

answer

linguistic

question

the right hemisphere seems to be more active during

answer

spatial

question

the dominant perspective on the nature-nurture debate is interactionism, which is the view that

answer

depending upon the specific trait or behavior, both nature and nurture can be important through their interaction with each other.

question

The two major communication systems within the body are

answer

nervous and endocrine

question

Michael Gazzaniga's split-brain patients

answer

were unable to name objects they saw in their left visual field

question

the following is the most likely source of pleasure we get from eating and sexual activity

answer

dopamine

question

allows brain researchers the best opportunity to view the activity of a single cell or organ

answer

fMRI scan

question

Receptor sites for communication exist on

answer

postsynaptic neuron

question

involves myelin loss, causing neural impulses to travel around in the brain without making it to their destinations

answer

MS

question

If Clark had no ions in his nervous system

answer

he would not be able to create any action potentials

question

subset of the autonomic nervous system

answer

sympathetic nervous system

question

The sympathetic nervous system activates a

answer

stress response

question

the parasympathetic nervous system activates a

answer

calming response

question

Based on the experience of Phineas Gage, who accidentally had a metal rod shot through part of his head, it appears that the

answer

the frontal lobe regulates judgemnet and emotional response

question

ability to experience happiness and pleasure is probably most dependent upon which brain structure

answer

the limbic system

question

One of the reasons that you may not want to spend money to attend a seminar on becoming more of a right-brain thinker is that recent research shows that

answer

both sides work together in most intellectual and behavioral tasks

question

If you are currently taking a drug that affects your behavior, most likely it is affecting the

answer

activity occuring within the synapse

question

the correct sequence for secretion of hormones

answer

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, endocrine glands, organs of the body

question

In the nervous system information is passed through the body's

answer

neurons

question

in the endocrine system information is passed through the body's

answer

bloodstream

question

How do neurotransmitters "communicate" with postsynaptic neurons

answer

like "A key fitting into a lock" they bind with corresponding receptor sites on the dendrites of the neuron.

question

people suffering from autism or Asperger syndrome experience abnormal activity in the

answer

amygdala

question

when you want to make an impressive dance move, information is sent through your

answer

motor neurons

question

Once an action potential reaches the end of the axon, how does the information usually get to the next neuron?

answer

Vesicles at the end of the axon release neurotransmitters that float across the synaptic cleft to the next neuron

question

The structure in the brain that connects the endocrine system and the nervous system is the

answer

hypothalamus

question

Prozac inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. When you take Prozac, the effect of this drug will be to

answer

increase the time serotonin in the synapse of the brain

question

Using your previous experiences to perceive something is

answer

top-down processing

question

elying only upon the immediate stimulus properties to perceive something is

answer

bottom-up processing

question

The trichromatic theory states that

answer

three different types of cones detect three different primary colors of light

question

Westerners tend to focus on

answer

details of objects

question

Asians tend to focus on

answer

contextual relationships

question

the conversion of enviromental stimuli into a form that the nervous system can process

answer

transduciton

question

An individual suffering from red-green colorblindness, is most likely missing

answer

either red or green cones

question

transduciton for vision occurs in the

answer

rods ans cones

question

experiences dont greatly influence the processes involved in

answer

sensation

question

experiences greatly influence the processes involved in

answer

perception

question

Signal detection research would be most useful for

answer

air traffic controllers

question

When your attention is focused upon the items on your desk rather than the desk itself, you are making a distinction that relies on the Gestalt principle of

answer

figure-ground

question

Beata was born without cone cells in her retina. What effect will this most likely have on her vision

answer

she will be colorblind

question

If a person could hear colors, or see odors, the person might have a rare condition called

answer

synthesthesia

question

more directly associated with perception than sensation

answer

interpretation

question

While driving at night, you are most likely to have trouble perceiving

answer

colors

question

If your retina contained only rods, you would be unable to

answer

see color

question

When photopigments of the eye split apart

answer

transduction is occuring

question

Military personnel wearing camouflage clothing in order to blend into the surrounding environment are hoping that this strategy will cause the enemy to be fooled by the principle called

answer

good continuation

question

The opponent-process theory states that

answer

cells in the visual system are senstiive to two colors of light, but not at the same time

question

ability to view the environment in three dimensions, rather than two, is primarily a

answer

perception process

question

Eyewitnesses to a crime often misidentify the criminal because they fill in gaps in their memory with things they expected to see

answer

an example of top-down processing

question

Perception is defined as the

answer

the interpretation of sensory information

question

Psychophysicists study

answer

how the mind interprets basic sensory stimuli

question

In sensation, environmental energy is converted into action portentials

answer

true

question

the correct sequence of structures involved in vision

answer

cornea, lens, retina

question

Top-down processing can lead to perceptual errors because

answer

our expectations can strongly influence what we preceive

question

Grouping people together on the basis of an observable characteristic such as height would exemplify the Gestalt principle of

answer

similarity

question

helps psychologists predict the change in a stimulus that would be needed to produce a noticeable difference

answer

webers law

question

If your psychology teacher conducts research on specific neurons in the occipital lobe to determine when they fire in response to specific visual stimuli, he is most likely a/an

answer

feature detection theorist

question

Certain animals may be able to see you in the dark better than you can see them because

answer

they can see a wider range of the electromagnetic spectrum than you.

question

Which of the following psychologists would most likely agree with the statement, "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts?"

answer

Gestalt psychologist

question

rods are to

answer

periphery of retina

question

cones are to

answer

center of retina

question

Individuals with narcolepsy

answer

experience sudden episodes of REM sleep during alert times of the day

question

The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming suggests that

answer

dreams represent the brains attempt to create meaning from randon neural impulses

question

Circadian rhythms are

answer

cahnges in the bodily processes that occur on a predictable basis

question

Shemar appears to awaken in fear. His eyes are open, but he is actually in deep sleep. Shemar does not remember the incident in the morning. Shemar is experiencing

answer

night terrors

question

14-year old Mohammed often urinates in his bed while he is in stage III or IV sleep. Mohammed has a sleep disorder called

answer

enuresis

question

From which stage of sleep is it most difficult to be awakened?

answer

stage IV

question

As you relax in preparation to sleep (but before you actually fall sleep), your brain waves will typically change from

answer

beta to alpha

question

true regarding the effects of hypnosis

answer

hypnosis has been used quite successfully in pain relief

question

When a person is sleepwalking you can be fairly confident that he/she is not

answer

acting out dreams

question

Based on what you know about hypnosis and memory you should be

answer

skeptical of both recoverd memories and attempts at age regression while hypnotized

question

most common reported sleep disorder is

answer

insomnia

question

The three most widely used psychoactive drugs by people over the age of 12 in the United States are

answer

alcohol, nicotine, caffeine

question

Joseph suffers from REM behavior disorder. This means that

answer

his body is not experiencing teh muscle paralysis that normally accompanies REM sleep

question

Megan has a 4-month-old infant son and is anxious that he might die from SIDS. What can Megan do to reduce her sons risk?

answer

put her son to sleep on his back

question

Hypnosis is described as a

answer

method used to create a heightened state of suggestability

question

Should you awaken your friend who is spending the night and is sleepwalking?

answer

yes, sleep walkers can injure themselves if they are not awakened

question

Omars wife notices that when Omar sleeps, he repeatedly stops breathing until he emits a large snore that wakes him up. Omar is experiencing

answer

sleep apnea

question

alcohol is to

answer

depressent

question

caffeine is to

answer

stimulant

question

Psychoactive drugs can affect nervous system activity by

answer

blocking, speeding up, mimicking

question

You are having trouble getting to and staying asleep at night and are wondering if you should try sleeping pills. What would the experts tell you?

answer

they can disrupt your REM sleep, so they should be avoided

question

If Lebron, who is asleep and dreaming, and Kobe, who is awake, were both given brain scans, what would you expect their scans to look like?

answer

both would be similar with large amounts of activity

question

Alcohol would not be a good remedy for insomnia, because it

answer

reduces the time spent in REM sleep

question

nightmares

answer

occur in REM sleep

question

night terrors

answer

occur in deep sleep

question

If you miss a night of sleep, the next time you sleep you are likely to experience

answer

REM rebound

question

both elevate dopamine levels

answer

nicotine and cocaine

question

a 3-15 burst of sleep occuring in the midst of a wakeful activity

answer

microsleep

question

dissociation theory

answer

hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness

question

response set theory

answer

hynosis is not an altered state

question

The thoughts, feelings, and aroused states of which we are aware

answer

consciousness

question

"latent content" is most closely associated with

answer

Freudian theory

question

best summarizes the current views in psychology on the meaning of dreams

answer

Scientist dont really know wether or not dreams generally have nay special meaning

question

theory proposes that dreaming is a way to rehearse responses to events that endanger our surviva

answer

threat stimulation theory

question

Marks: 1 When you dream about a monster chasing you and you realize later that the monster symbolizes the research paper that you have due in one of your classes, this interpretation of the dream is called the

answer

latent content

question

REM sleep is relativley

answer

active

question

NON-REM is relativley

answer

relaxed

question

When you wake up and recall dreaming about taking a test in your psychology class, you are recalling the.

answer

manifest content

question

REM sleep is experienced by

answer

all mammals

question

As compared to children, when teenagers want to stay up later in the evening and sleep longer in the morning, the cause may be due to

answer

changes in melatonin secretion

question

Banduras four-step process in his social learning theory

answer

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

question

If a teacher wants to change a pattern of student studying that typically increases on the days prior to a test and drops to almost no studying at all in the days following a test, she should try a variable interval schedule such as a system that uses

answer

random, unannounced tests

question

classical condittioning is to

answer

association to stimuli

question

instrumental conditioning is to

answer

consequences of behavior

question

According to the views of B.F. Skinner, if a behavior is commonly exhibited, you can be assured that it

answer

has been reinforced

question

Spontaneous recovery

answer

an extinguished condtitioned response exhibits a temporary increase

question

teh orienting reflex

answer

when we are presented with new stimuli that repeats itself

question

after a while of being exposed to new stimuli we exhihbit

answer

habituation

question

a secondary reinforcer

answer

money

question

classical conditioning is generally strongest when the neutral stimuli is presented when and within a few what?

answer

before, seconds

question

What do Albert Bandura, Wolfgang Kohler, and Edward Tolman all have in common

answer

have conducted research demonstrating teh importance to cognition in learning

question

Tolmans research showing that rats can learn a maze even when they are not rewarded

answer

suggest that cognitive process can influence learning

question

The Japanese view of reinforcement highlights the concept that

answer

although instrumental conditioning principal are universal, what individuals define as reinforcemnet or punishment varies by culture.

question

The neutral stimulus in Pavlovs original studies was

answer

the buzzer

question

"Little Albert" had been exposed to Mary Cover Joness technique of counterconditioning, he may have been presented with a white rat when he

answer

was drinking his bottle

question

negative reinforcement leads to

answer

an increase in behavior

question

Frank bought his daughter a computerized toy that is teaching her to read. As she reads the text of a book, the computer asks her questions, which she answers by pointing to the answers with a specialized stylus. If she gets the answers correct, the computer applauds. If she gets the answer wrong, the computer beeps. This toy is analogous to

answer

a Skinner box

question

When a stimulus that originally did not cause a particular response now begins to cause that response, what has occurred?

answer

Classical conditioning

question

B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura would have disagreed about the importance of what in affecting behavior.

answer

thinking

question

Punishing a childs misbehavior only occasionally when it occurs may mean that the behavior is actually being reinforced on a partial schedule because the child is able to "get away" with doing the behavior some of the time. This program of punishment would then have the result of making the

answer

misbehvior more resistant to extinction

question

social leaning invovles

answer

observing the behaviors of others and learning from them.

question

occurs when something unpleasent is added to an organisms environment

answer

positive punishment

question

When a conditioned stimulus no longer produces a conditioned response, what has occurred?

answer

extinction

question

When animal trainers use operant conditioning techniques to slowly condition a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the new desired behavior, the specific name for this is

answer

shaping

question

At first, Sally thought it was funny when her 5-year-old used bad language, and she would laugh despite herself. However, Sally soon realized that she was encouraging this behavior, and she stopped laughing when her child used inappropriate language. But to her dismay, as soon as Sally decided not to laugh anymore, the child began to cuss moreoften before she finally stopped using bad language. Which of the following best explains why the childs inappropriate behavior increased temporarily?

answer

an extinction burst

question

After "Little Albert" was conditioned to fear a white rat, he began to fear several other furry things. This is an example of Choose one answer. a. spontaneous recovery.

answer

stimulus generalization

question

If a behavior continues to be exhibited in spite of the fact that no reinforcement is being given, it is likely that the behavior

answer

has been previously conditioned according to a partial schedule of reinforcement

question

All examples of classical conditioning begin with a pre-existing relationship between the

answer

an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response

question

In operant conditioning, when a behavior that has been reinforced exhibits itself only in certain situations or contexts, what has occurred?

answer

discrimination

question

When a parent gives into a childs tantrum in order to stop the childs tantrum behavior, this leads to a greater likelihood that when the child throws a tantrum in the future, the parent will give in again. This change in the parents behavior is an example of

answer

negative reinforcement

question

learning

answer

a relativley permanent change in behavoir, or a potential for behavior that result from experience.

question

instrumental and operant coditionin are

answer

two interchangable labels for the same basic explanation of conditionig

question

primanry reinforcers have more what basis then secondary

answer

biological

question

In one of Albert Banduras Bobo doll studies, children observed a model behaving aggressively toward the Bobo doll without receiving any positive or negative consequences for the behavior. Later, when these children were given an opportunity to be with the Bobo doll, they tended to

answer

act agressivley toward the Bobo doll

question

In Pavlovs original studies, salivation to meat was a/an ____, and salivation to a buzzer was a/an ____.

answer

unconditioned response, conditioned response

question

The simplest type of learning seen in living things is

answer

habituation

question

Continuous schedules of reinforcement are to ____ as partial schedules of reinforcement are to ____.

answer

faster extinction rates, slower extinction rates

question

The underlying process of classical conditioning is basically

answer

association

question

Positive reinforcement is to ____ as negative reinforcement is to ____.

answer

addiition of something unpleasent, removal of something unplesent

question

Systematic desensitization is a modern version of

answer

counterconditioning

question

The phrase "7 ± 2 bits" describes the

answer

capacity of short term learning

question

The three major functions of memory are

answer

encoding, storage, and retrieval

question

The fact that recalling a memory involves reconstructing the basic elements and constructing other elements to fill the gaps in our memories suggests that human memory can be

answer

highley inaccurate

question

example of the use of explicit memory

answer

remebering that you have a dentist appt.

question

flashbulb memories

answer

NOT accurate in detail

question

retrograde amnesia

answer

past

question

anterograde amnesia

answer

future

question

shallow level of processing

answer

maintence rehersal

question

deep level of processing

answer

elaborative rehersal

question

Top-down perceptual processing provides a good example of how

answer

short term memory and long term memory often work in a parallel manner.

question

Short-term memory is best described as

answer

small capacity and short duration

question

Semantic memory is

answer

conceptual memory

question

The working memory model views

answer

working memory and short-term memory as parts of long-term memory

question

Since our long-term memory uses schemata to store information

answer

the information is highly organized

question

repeating the definition over and over again, you are using

answer

maintenance rehearsal

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