Microeconomics Chapter 1 Test – Flashcards
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the policies are consistent with economic incentives
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When the federal government crafts environmental policies that make it less expensive for firms to follow green​ initiatives,
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is the study of the choices people make to attain their​ goals, given their scarce resources.
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Economics
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marginal benefit equals marginal cost.
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Economists use the word marginal to mean an extra or additional benefit or cost of a decision. An optimal decision occurs when
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buyers and sellers
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A market is a group of _____________________ of a good or service and the institution or arrangement by which they come together to trade
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When we assume the managers at Microsoft have used all available information and have weighed all known benefits and​ costs, we are assuming rationality.
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Microsoft charges a price of​ $599 for a copy of Windows 7. Is this pricing decision​ rational?
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Scarcity
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One of the basic facts of life is that people must make choices as they try to attain their goals. This unavoidable fact comes from a reality an economist call
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Centrally Planned, Market
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Societies organize their economies in two main ways to answer the three questions of​ what, how, and who. A society can have a ▼ centrally planned mixed market -economy in which the government decides how economic resources will be allocated. Or a society can have a ▼ centrally planned mixed market -economy in which the decisions of households and firms interacting in markets allocate economic resources.
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Productive efficiency, Allocative efficiency
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â–¼ Voluntary exchange Productive efficiency Allocative efficiency -occurs when a good or service is produced at the lowest possible cost. â–¼ Allocative efficiency Productive efficiency Voluntary exchange -occurs when production is in accordance with consumer preferences.
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the fair distribution of economic benefits
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Equity is
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many times in the past several​ decades, firms may have chosen between a production method in the United States that uses fewer workers and more machines and a production method in China that uses more workers and fewer machines.
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Firms choose how to produce the goods and services they sell. In many​ cases, firms face a​ trade-off between using more workers or using more machines. For​ example,
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Mixed
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A _______ economy is an economy in which most economic decisions result from the interaction of buyers and sellers in markets but in which the government plays a significant role in the allocation of resources.
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the highest valued alternative that must be give up to engage in an activity.
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Opportunity cost is
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One, what goods and services will be​ produced? Two, how will the goods and services be​ produced? Three, who will receive the goods and services​ produced?
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Trade-offs force society to make​ choices, particularly when answering the following three fundamental​ questions:
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Consumers, firms, and government
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__________________​decide(s) what goods and services will be produced.
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How income is distributed
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In the United​ States, who receives the goods and services produced depends largely on ______
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D. all of the above
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A hypothesis in an economic model is A. tested before it can be accepted​ (or not​ rejected). B. a statement that may be either correct or incorrect about an economic variable. C. usually about a causal relationship. D. all of the above.
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we cannot analyze an economic issue unless we reduce its complexity and models have to be simplified to be useful.
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Any model is based on making assumptions because
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Positive, normative, positive
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▼ Positive analysis Neutral analysis Normative analysis - is concerned with what is​, and ▼ positive analysis neutral analysis normative analysis - is concerned with what ought to be. Economics is about ▼ positive analysis neutral analysis normative analysis -​, which measures the costs and benefits of different courses of action.
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D. all of the above
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Economics is a social science because A. it is based on studying the actions of individuals. B. it applies the scientific method to the study of the interactions among individuals. C. it considers human behaviorlong dash—particularly ​decision-making behavior. D. all of the above.
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the study of the economy as a​ whole, including topics such as​ inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.
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Macroeconomics is
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how households and firms make​ choices, how they interact in​ markets, and how the government attempts to influence their choices.
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Microeconomics is the study of
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Macroeconomics
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Which of the following covers the study of topics such as inflation or​ unemployment?
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an omitted variable and reverse causality.
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When we graph the relationship between two​ variables, we often want to draw conclusions about whether changes in one variable are causing changes in the other variable. Doing​ so, however, can lead to incorrect conclusions. Reasons for drawing incorrect conclusions about cause and effect include
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D
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Which of the following shows a negative linearnegative linear ​relationship? ​ (assume values of x greater than 0x>0​) A. y equals negative 17 plus 1.5 xy=−17+1.5x B. y equals negative 17 plus StartRoot x EndRooty=−17+x C. y equals StartFraction 66 Over x EndFractiony= 66 x D. y equals 66 minus 5.9 xy=66−5.9x
