Microbiology Unit 5 – Flashcards
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| signs of bacterial resp infections |
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| inflam & congestion high fever pain leukocytosis purulent infection (pus) possibly bact toxins that disseminate and cause symptoms of disease (dipth) |
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| proper tx for bact resp infections includes |
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| prompt, effective, antimicrobial therapy for decreasing morbidity and mortality |
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| what are two important methods for controlling and prevent spread of bact resp infections? |
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| rapid lab ID vaccines |
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| inflammation of throat inflammation of upper end of trachea, vocal cords and larynx |
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| pharyngitis laryngitis |
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| inflammation of sinuses inflammation of tonsils otitis media |
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| sinusitis tonsilitis middle ear infection |
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| common agents of infection for upper respiratory: larynx, tonsillitis, sinusitis, epiglottis |
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| Strep. pneumonia, Strep. pyogenes, viruses "" bacteria Haemophilus influenza |
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| most common group of bacterial pharyngitis |
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| Group A, beta hemolytic streptococcus, S. pyogenes |
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| symptoms pharyngitis |
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| sore throat, fever, pain, headache, beefy red throat, white patches pus tonsillitis neck lymph nodes enlarged and tender sinus infection & otitis media - frequent complications |
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| group A beta hemolytic strep is |
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| Strep. pyogenes |
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| how much % cases of pharyngitis caused by Strep. pyogenes*most pharyngitis caused by: |
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| 5-10% viruses |
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| how does Group A strep defend itself? |
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| resistant to phagocytosis, produces streptokinase that breaks down fibrin clots, and streptolysins that kill tissue cells, RBC and protective leukocytosis |
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| reservoir for Group A strep? |
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| humans dogs can be carriers |
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| Group A strep: incubation period: communicability period with NO Abtics: "" with Abtics |
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| 1-3 days 10-21 days <24 hours |
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| Does immunity follow Group A strep? is there vaccine? |
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| NO NO |
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| complications of untreated GAS infections referred to as |
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| sequelae |
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| complications of untreated GAS infections include: |
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| scarlet fever rheumatic fever acute glomerulonephritis streptococcal toxic shock |
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| how do you contract Group A strep? |
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| inhalation of airborne droplets or contact with secretions from infected persons |
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| fever, rash, may have nausea/vomiting, leukocytosis, strawberry tongue, bumpy/red tongue |
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| scarlet fever |
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| fever producing erythrogenic toxin produces |
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| symptoms of scarlet fever |
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| severe toxin-mediated GAS infection, associated with early onset of shock and organ failure |
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| streptococcal toxic shock |
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| toxin-mediated GAS 2' infections |
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| scarlet fever and streptococcal toxic shock |
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| pain, often in extremity, fever, localized swelling and erythema (clinical signs of soft tissue) *70% progress to necrotizing fascitis (infection in deep subc layer) |
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| streptococcal toxic shock |
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| tx for necrotizing fascitis |
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| surgical removal of dead tissue plus Abtics |
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| which strep sequelae are non-communicable or infectious: toxin-mediated or non-toxin mediated |
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| non toxin-mediated |
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| occur 10-20 days after untreated GAS pharyngitis or wound infection - latent period limits useful culture, bc its neg by time patient seeks medical attention |
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| non toxin mediated strep sequelae |
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| occurs mostly in children Ab attack 'strep-like' Ag on surface of heart and joints fever, carditis, polyarthritis |
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| rheumatic fever |
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| 3 % untreated GAS will progress to? |
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| rheumatic fever |
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| blood and protein in urine, edema and hypertension from Ag-Ab complexes depositing on glomerular capillary membranes of kidney occurs w/ certain strains of Strep A - both pharyngeal and skin strep infections |
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| Acute Glomerularonephritis |
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| Group C and G strep may cause |
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| pharyngitis |
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| may cause exudative pharyngitis (inflam) usually for patients in teens and 20s, may produce rash like Scarlet Fever |
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| Arcanobacterium haemolyticum |
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| more prevalent in men who engage in oral-genital sex practice; may cause mild pharyngitis |
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| neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus, GC) |
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| cause of diptheria, acute toxin-mediated upper respir tract infection |
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| corynebacterium diptheria |
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| exotoxin destroys local epithelial cells which form gray pseudomembrane - may cover larynx...death by suffocation |
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| corynebacterium diphtheria |
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| cardiac deaths freq in systemic diptheria...heart, nerve and kidney cells = destroyed |
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| TRUE |
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| with toxin-mediated nerve damage in diphtheria...there may be paralysis of |
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| eye muscles, soft palate or extremities |
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| can also acquire C. diptheria through |
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| wound infections and absorbed toxins causes systemic toxicity |
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| symptoms of diphtheria |
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| moderate fever, swollen lymph nodes, patient appears toxic |
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| DPT is vaccine forPrecautions used? |
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| C. diphtheria Droplet |
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| gram neg coccobacillus, occurs in adults and children, often sequelae to viral infection *can invade bldstrm and cause bacterial meningitis Vaccine is: |
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| Haemophilus influenzae Hib |
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| legionella is found where? |
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| lakes, rivers, air cond cooling towers, spread thru contaminated aerosols (air cond, ventiliation systems) and water |
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| 90% of legionelloses casese are caused bysymptoms include: mild flu-like to severe with headache, myalgia, fever, diarrhea MORE THAN __ species of org? |
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| Legionalla pneumophila; 30 |
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| causes primary atypical pneumonia (PAP); also called walking pneumonia |
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| Mycoplasma pneumonia |
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| org doesn't have cell wall, dx usually made on tx failures...NO beta lactams work |
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| Mycoplasma pneumonia |
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| why is Mycoplasma pneumonia considered atypical? (besides no cell wall) |
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| not large leukocyte response compared to most bact infections, which are exudative May have non-productive cough |
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| causes Q fever obligate intracellular pathogen acute systemic zoonotic infection *acq thru unpast milk, or eye/wound contamination |
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| Coxiella burnetii |
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| acq thru bite of infected rat flea causes bubonic form of plague symptoms: rigor, severe headache, high fever, cough, hard breathing, sputum very frothy and projectile! |
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| Yersinia pestis |
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| bubonic plague may disseminate into lungs, causing ____ *very infectious, highly fatal |
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| pneumonic plague |
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| precautions for Yersinia pestis/pneumonic plague: |
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| droplet |
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| obligate intracell pathogen that causes psittacosis |
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| Chlamydia psittaci |
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| resp infection acq thru inhalation of aerosols of infected psitticine bird droppings (parrots, parakeets, lovebirds) |
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| psittacosis |
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| how should psittacosis be prevented/eliminated? |
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| eliminate source birds, prophylaxis tetracyclines given to birds |
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| C. psittaci taken up in resp tract by macrophages and travels to ___. Could be fatal if untreated. |
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| bloodstream |
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| orinthosis is psittacosis but thru |
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| other birds than psitticine birds |
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| humans are only reservoir for C pneumoniae...symptoms are fever, cough, sore throat, hoarseness and pain swallowing, may also cause bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and febrile illness resembling influenza |
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| chlamydia pneumoniae |
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| starts out resembling cold, but 10-12d later get series of struggling coughs ending with inspiratory whoop thru narrow mucus filled airway...common name and org? |
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| whooping cough, Bordatella pertussis |
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| vaccine for pertussis is what? how effective is it? |
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| DTP, >80% effective |
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| precautions for pertussis? |
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| quarantine unvaccinated children for 2 wks, give vaccine adn erythromycin prophylaxis for close, unvaccinated contacts |
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| how serious is pertussis? |
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| could result in convulsions or death from airway obstruction that leads to decr O2 level (hypoxia) |
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| pertussis is highly communicable - T or F |
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| TRUE |
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| intracell pathogen, affects macrophages, acid-fast bacilli defects in cell-mediated immunity will increase risk of contracting ___ |
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| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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| TB chronic infectious disease acq by ___ Symptoms: blood productive cough, night sweats, weight loss |
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| inhaling droplet airborne nuclei |
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| TB bacillus can disseminate to any organ - T or F |
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| TRUE |
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| TB can wall itself off, presenting asymptomatic, and resurface later in life...T or F |
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| TRUE |
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| precautions for TB |
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| isolate patients, wear N95 mask |
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| about 10% ppl will dev active TB after mos or yrs, usually when Immune system is |
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| compromised |
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| TB cavitation occurs when...is this contagious state? |
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| tubercules break open into surrounding tissues to form cavity. may heal, but if have cavitary disease- still contagious |
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| how do you stain out TB Tx for TB? |
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| acid-fast stain cocktail of INH (isoniazid), pyrazinamide, rifampin) |
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| TB skin test uses PPD - what's thatreaction is ____ hypersensitivity (involved cell-mediated and T cells) - skin test is 0.1 mL of 5 TU |
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| purified protein derivative; delayed |
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| TB skin tests become positive after ___ wks after 1' infection with M. bacterium |
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| 6-14weeks |
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| pos TB skin test means what? |
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| person been exposed at some point, doesn't mean been infected |
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| 1 person with TB will affect how many ppl/year? |
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| 10 ppl/year |
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| vaccine for TB is what? How effective is it? type of vaccine? |
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| BCG 60-80% protection live attenuated of M. bovis |
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| TB precautions |
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| Airborne, wear N95 mask |
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| TB patient stays in what type of room? til when? |
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| neg pressure isolation room or use portable HEPA filter unit in room til 3 neg acid-fast sputum smears after tx started |
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| non-TB mycobacteria cause ___; all are acid-fast bacilli, so a positive smear for acid-fast bacilli just means M. species, NOT TB :) |
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| lower resp disease |
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| causes pulmonary and disseminated infections in AIDS patients and other immunocomprosed patients |
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| Mycobacterium avium-intracellular M. avium complex, MAC or MAIC |
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| causes pulmonary infection similar to TB: M. ___ |
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| M. kansasii |
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| soil orgs acq thru inhalation, causes nocacardiosis - what is that? |
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| Nocardia spp. chronic pulm disease with suppuration (pus production) and abscess formation *can disseminate and form abscesses in subc tissue, peritoneum, and brain |
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| chronic lower respiratory tract infections typically assoc with defects in ____ immunity |
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| cell-mediated |
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| common symptoms of pneumonia |
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| sudden onset of chills fever chest pain dyspnea cough |
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| why are gram stains of lower resp tract bact infections helpful? |
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| bc etiologic agents of pneum can be seen in L #s with lots of PMNs |
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| Large #s PMNs in pneumo tell throat what? |
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| an infection process is occuring |
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| is there normal flora in lower resp tractwhy does some show up in specimen? |
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| NO, it passes thru upper resp tract dring collection and acq those |
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| not all agents of pneum will gram stain, some don't have cell wall or are just unusual in nature - TRUE |
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| TRUE |
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| Streptococcus pneum (pneumococcus pneum) causes _____, an acute bact infection of alveoli and/or bronchi |
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| lobar pneumonia |
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| lobar pneum usually 2' infection - T or F |
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| TRUE |
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| Strep. pneumonia (causes lobar pneum) is carried on the throat and nasopharynx of 5-40% health ppl, meaning it is ___ ___ of upper resp tract |
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| normal flora |
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| clinical signs of lobar pneum |
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| high fever shaking and chills cough with rusty colored sputum chest pain |
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| clinical signs of lobar pneum |
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| high fever shaking and chills cough with rusty colored sputum chest pain |
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| non-pneumococcal pneum's responsible for about 20% bact pneum in non-hosp patients - T or F 2' to ____ |
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| TRUE viral infections |
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| S. pyogenes, S. aureus, Hib, Klebsiella pneum -- pneum usually caused by ___ in upper respir tract |
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| opportunistic commensal |
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| H. influenzae usually occur where? |
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| upper resp tract |
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| throat middle ear or sinus lungs blood meninges |
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| normal course of infection |
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| upper resp tract viral agents cause ___; contagious? |
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| acute, self-limited disease YES |
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| last great uncontrolled plague of mankind three types - A B and C |
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| influenza |
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| Influenza type A is found in ___; causes most ___ |
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| pigs, horses, birds, humans epidemics |
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| Influenza B and C are found where? cause what kind of outbreak? |
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| humans moderate, local outbreaks |
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| Influenza C occurs sporadically in who? causes mild influenza |
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| children |
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| Influenza Type A subdivided by ____ differences |
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| antigenic |
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| Antigenic differences further subdiv into what two div? what does ea div do? |
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| hemagluttinin (attachment) neuraminidase (protective mucus dissolver) |
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| how many hemagluttinin subtypes are there? how many in humans? |
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| 15 3 |
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| how many neuraminidase subtypes are there? how many in humans? |
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| 9 2 |
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| Virus type/geograph origin/strain#/yr of isolation *may add host origin if came from animal |
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| WHO nomenclature for influenza subtyping |
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| how is viral influenza spread? |
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| droplets from upper resp tract |
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| Influenza viral particles ability to change surface proteins and prod new strains of itself that ppl are not immune to, make it difficult disease to ____ |
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| control |
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| antigenic shift occurs why? when occurcan you predict antigenic shiftwhat is it due to? |
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| there are changes in H and N spikes; usually happens when virus shifts species; can't ever predict...due to genetic recombination between different strains infecting same cell |
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| mutations in genes encoding H or N spikes, happens constantly to allow virus to avoid IgA Ab. *may involve only 1 aa |
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| antigenic drift |
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| Which type Influenza can make dramatic, rapid antigenic shift leaving population without immunity? |
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| Infl A |
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| how are influenza vaccines made? |
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| against surface antigens of last years H and N subtype |
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| Influ A from antigenic SHIFT can cause pandemic how often? |
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| about every 10 yrs |
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| Influe A epidemics due to antigenic DRIFT occur how often? Influ B outbreaks occur how often |
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| every 2 to 3 yrs - both |
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| signs of viral Influ - and what is NOT sign |
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| vomiting NOT a sign; fever (up to 104F), chills, muscle aches and pains, sweating, dry cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, headache, malaise, minor fatigue to complete exhaustion, may have enlarged lymph nodes |
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| what does recovery from viral Influenza look like- how long last? |
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| fever lasts about 3 days, recov in week...self-limited |
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| main complications of viral influ are ____ caused by viral injury of resp epithelium |
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| 1' or 2' bact pneum |
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| who is at greatest risk of complications or death from influenza? |
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| elderly, and debilitated |
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| rare complication of viral Influenza seen in children and young adolescents *involves acute encephelopathy with fatty infiltration of liver |
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| Reye's Syndrome |
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| One risk factor for Reye's Syndrome. What is mortality rate? |
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| using aspirin with viral infections, mainly chicken pox or influenza 10-40% mortality rate |
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| rare CNS disease linked to influenza and other viruses and bact |
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| Guillian-Barre Syndrome |
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| 2' bact infections follow common cold include |
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| sinusitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, otitis media |
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| common cold acq by inoculation into |
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| nose and eyes |
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| mild, self-limited inflam of nose or throat causing profuse watery discharge of mucus, sneezing, sore throat, cough, fatigue, little or no fever |
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| common cold |
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| why will they not ever make vaccine for common cold? |
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| bc Rhinovirus (causative agent) has over 100 antigenic types, freq re-infections |
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| other acute viral resp diseases are usually transmitted by ___, more common in who? |
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| aerosols or inoculation of upper resp tract with contact of resp secretions or feces, more common in children |
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| we have short-lived immunity, but re-infection is common with other acute viral resp diseases...T or F |
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| TRUE |
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| major cause of lower resp tract illness in infants and children, highly contagious and may cause nosocomial infections transmitted by health care workers |
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| Resp Synctial Virus (RSV) |
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| when is RSV normally seen? |
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| Nov-April, esp Jan to March |
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| most common cause of pneum in children is viral or bacterial? |
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| viral |
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| why is good hand-washing imp with RSV? |
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| can last for 24 h on contaminated surfaces |
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| common lower resp tract infections (RSV) include |
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| pneumonia, bronchitis, tracheobronchitis with fever and otitis media |
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| flu-like disease with fever, headache, myalgia that can quickly progress to severe pulmonary disease with acute resp distress, may lead to resp arrest (failure) from fluid accumulation in lungs and death *carried in secretions from deer mouse |
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| Sin Nombre Virus (Hantavirus) |
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| Humans infected with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome thru what contact? |
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| inhalation of aerosols of infected rodent feces/urine or rarely from bite of infected mouse *always wipe with WET cloth |
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| no evidence of person to person transmission with Hantavirus -- T or F |
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| TRUE |
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| multiplies in upper respiratory tract or parotid gland, causes viremia acute, self-limited systemic illness Signs: uni- or bilateral parotiditis, sometimes other gland enlargement - may localize in ovaries or testes in adolesc or adults, occas in CNS |
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| Mumps |
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| meningitis, encephalitis, epidiymoorchitis, oophoritis, polyarthritis, and pancreatitis -- extra-salivary gland manifestations from what illness???? |
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| mumps |
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| name of vaccine for Mumpsprecautions needed? |
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| MMR droplet |
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| mumps only infects humans and you lifelong immunity -- T or F |
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| TRUE |
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| acq thru aerosols and infects pharynx, causes viremia Symptoms: similar to cold, but sicker after 3-4 days, get dark red rash starting on face and moving to trunk - lasts 7-10 days and may progress to pneum or CNS involvement |
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| measles |
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| Koplik spots - bright red lesions with white centers in mouth and palate -- hallmark of what disease? |
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| rubeola (measles) |
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| name of vaccine for measles (rubeola)precautions to take? |
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| MMR airborne |
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| mild disease thru droplet contact with nasopharyn secretions, causes red rash and enlarged lymph nodes can pass from mom to fetus, infants have growth retardation, hepatosplenomegaly, neurologic problems, ophthalmologic, jaundice, blueberry muffin skin |
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| Rubella (German measles) |
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| precautions for German measlesname of vaccine? |
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| droplet rubella alone or MMR |
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| mom's getting rubella during which trimester most harmful to fetus? |
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| 1st |
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| Parvovirus B-19, associated with erythema infectiosum, gives 'slapped cheek' appearance, flu-like disease |
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| Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) |
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| Fifth disease rash goes from face to limbs - lasts ___ days infected adults may have ___ pain |
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| 1-2 days joint pain |
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| ppl with RBC defects and fifth disease may have aplastic crisis (can't make RBCs), but body rebounds quickly after 7 days |
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| True |
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| what is fifth disease associated with in susceptible pregnant females in 2 or 3 trimester? |
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| spont abortions or fetal hydrops from excessive edema |
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| precautions for Fifth disease/erythema infectiosum? |
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| droplet |
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| pop Chickenpox/Varicella most often occurs in? Zoster/shingles? |
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| children adults |
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| fluid filled exanthem, red itchy that starts on trunk and moves to face and limbs member of herpes family, trans by aerosols |
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| chicken pox/varicella |
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| fever and malaise in adults, painful eruptions of vesicular lesions, can inflam CNS, usually unilateral on trunk or shoulders/neck/head 2' infection from Varicella |
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| Zoster/Shingles |
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| tx for chicken pox? whyvaccine available for which age group |
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| supportive, NO salicylates (aspirin) - prevent Reye's syndrome children 12-18 mos of age |
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| caused by Variola virus, transmitted by aerosols and contact Symptoms: fever, prostration, fatality rate up to 40%, small round pocks 1mm in diameter with white opaque centers |
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| smallpox (variola major) |
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| smallpox recovery starts when... 2' infections common? |
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| pustular lesions dry, scabs fall away, scarring common, 2' infections common |
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| tx for smallpox vaccine? |
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| supportive available |
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| infectious mononucleosis (mono) caused by? |
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| Epstein-Barr virus |
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| acute infectious disease with triad of fever, pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy - lasts 1-4 weeks *kissing disease |
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| Mono |
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| acute infectious disease with triad of fever, pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy - lasts 1-4 weeks *kissing disease |
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| Mono |
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| 80-90% adults infected with ___ 50-75% young adults experience 1' EBV infection |
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| mono |
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| what virus contributes to Burkitts Lymphoma, tumor of children in Africa/New Guinea, and AIDS patients? |
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| Epstein-Barr virus |
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| incubation period for mono... may be complicated further by... |
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| 4-6 weeks splenomegaly, CNS involvement, pericarditis, hepatitis |
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| in herpes family common in young adults, can mimic mono, but usually asymptomatic |
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| Cytomegalovirus |
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| infections in immunocompromised include fever, sight-threatening retinitis, ulcerative enteritis, and bilateral pneum |
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| cytomegalovirus |
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| most common cause of congenital infection...symptomatic infants may die or survive with neuro damage, asymptom infants may have hearing loss |
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| CMV |
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| congenital CMV symptoms: |
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| CNS abnormalities, petechiae, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice |
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| what virus can pass thru saliva, urine, breast milk, cervical secretions, semen and blood...most common congenital infection |
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| CMV |
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| newborns can acq CMV at delivery, postnatal can acq from ___ |
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| indiv shedding virus |
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| filamentous fungi produce many spores where? spores can survive long time without nutrients. |
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| wood, soil, plant surfaces |
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| humans have high resistance to fungal infections - T or F what lowers resistance? |
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| TRUE defects in cell mediated immunity, those on steroid therapy, immunosuppressed |
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| how are fungal infections detected in lab? |
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| fungal culture, fungal stains/India Ink |
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| dimorphic fungus exists in two forms - what are they? at what temps? |
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| yeast - in tissues at 37C mold - in environment at 25C |
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| clinical characteristics often mirror TB, starts with nonprod cough, fever, dyspnea, moves into chest pain, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss |
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| fungal infection |
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| Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus...causes ____ found in ___ where high concentration in US? |
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| Histoplasmosis soil enriched with bird droppings and bat guano MS, MO or OH river valleys |
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| Valley Fever, caused by Coccidioides immitus found in ___ spores are numerous and easily disseminated by air currents |
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| Coccidoidomycosis (dimorphic) southwest soil |
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| Blastomyces dermatiditis is a dimorphic fungus...causes ____ found in ___ where high concentration in US? |
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| Blastomycosis moist, enriched soil with high organic content from decomposed wood or decaying vegetation MS and OH river valleys |
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| South American Blastomycosis - calledcaused byfatal? |
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| Paracoccidioidomycosis Paracoccidoides brasiliensis - in soil, vegetation and wood in subtropic South America FATAL if untx |
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| Cryptococcus neoformans causes ___yeast found in soil, assoc with pigeon droppings transmitted by inhaling yeast-contaminated dust |
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| cryptococcus |
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| Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly Pneum. carinii) causes whatinhaled, then lays dormant til whatcauses pneum in whoTx: |
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| Pneumocystosis dormant til activated by immunosuppressed condition AIDS patients Sulfur drug |
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| acute inflam of membranes covering brain and spinal cord |
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| meningitis |
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| most common agent of bacterial meningitis in older adults is ____ and ___ may also be found for those who have lost Ab to it |
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| strep. pneum H. influ type b |
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| 5yrs to adult - meningitis is ___ infection to what? |
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| 2' upper or lower resp tract infections |
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| most common agent of bact mening in young adults is |
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| neisseria meningitidis, the meningococcus |
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| why is viral meningitis called 'aseptic meningitis'? |
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| bc no bact to culture, nonpurulent (not many PMNs) |
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| what would CSF sample of person with viral meningitis look like? |
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| clear CSF, increased mononuclear (lymphocytes) cells, normal glucose and incr protein |
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| viral men takes same pathway as bact men- what is pathway in body? |
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| upper or lower resp tract infection -- blood -- meninges |
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| what culture used for viral men? |
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| viral culture |
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| chronic, persistent, slow-growing meningitis, often fatal, hard to treat bc it is eukaryotic cell |
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| fungal meningitis |
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| what type of culture for fungal meningitis? |
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| fungal culture |
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| bact men diagnosis looks like what? |
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| cloudy, yellow CSF increase in PMNs decr glucose incr protein |
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| severe disease caused by infection in brain tissue, involves cerebral dysfunction, manifestations of meningitis, same lab dx as viral men |
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| viral encephalitis |
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| disease involving meninges and brain tissue, acq thru nasal mucous from freshwater lakes or ponds may be acute with death in 1 week or chronic, depending on org |
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| amebic meningoencephalitis |
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| lab dx for amebic meningoencephalitis? |
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| amebic culture ova and parasite study |
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| chronic, slow-progressing disease caused by normal resp flora, often strep viridans (alpha strep) - predisposed to this if had rheumatic fever or syphilis that affected heart valves - organisms get into bldstrm by trauma, dental surgery or dental manipulation |
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| infective endocarditis |
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| Gram positive catalase positive coagulase positive methicillin sensitive (13mm zone) |
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| S. aureus |
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| gram positive cocci catalase positive coagulase negative non-urine or M/F 45 Methacillin sensitive (13 mm) or resistant (10mm zone or less) |
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| Staph. epidermidis |
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| gram pos cocci catalase neg SF broth purple (no growth) hemolysis alpha optochin disk sensitive (>14) |
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| Strep. pneumoniae |
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| gram pos cocci catalase neg SF broth purple (no growth) hemolysis beta bacitracin disk sensitive (zone) |
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| Strep pyogenes (Group A) |
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| gram pos cocci catalase neg SF broth purple (no growth) hemolysis alpha optochin disk resistant (<14mm) |
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| alpha strep (strep viridans) |
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| gram pos cocci catalase neg SF broth purple (no growth) hemolysis beta or gamma bacitracin disk resistant (no zone) positive CAMP test |
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| Group B strep S. agalactiae |
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| gram pos cocci catalase negative SF broth pos (yellow, turbidity) bile esculin - black (pos) may be Vancomycin resistant |
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| Enterococcus VRE |
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| Gram positive catalase positive coagulase positive methicillin resistant (10mm zone or less) |
answer
| MRSA |
question
| gram positive cocci catalase positive coagulase negative Urine sample in sexually active F between 13 and 45 yrs Novobiocin disc sensitive Methacillin sensitive (13 mm) or resistant (10mm zone or less) |
answer
| Staph epidermidis |
question
| gram positive cocci catalase positive coagulase negative Urine in sex-active F betw 13 & 45 Novobiocin resistant (less than 16 mm) |
answer
| Staph saprophyticus |
question
| how do microbes enter nervous system? |
answer
| medical procedure blood or lymph backbone or skull fx along peripheral nerves |
question
| what prevents passage of some materials (like anti microbial drugs) into CNS |
answer
| Blood Brain Barrier |
question
| bacteria can grow in subarachnoid space of CNS - t or F |
answer
| TRUE |
question
| symptoms of bacterial meningitis |
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| fever, headache, stiff neck followed by nausea and vomiting may lead to convulsions and coma |
question
| how dx and how tx bact meningitis |
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| dx: Gram stain of CSF tx: cephalosporins |
question
| Bact mening usually 2' infection, 1' infection site usually in ____ |
answer
| resp tract |
question
| these orgs involved in whatStaph, GAS, S. pneum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Propionibacterium acnes |
answer
| bact mening |
question
| mening occuring mostly in children age 6mos - 4yrs prevented by Hib vaccine (normal throat microbiota, Ag type B) |
answer
| H. influenzae Meningitis |
question
| caused by N. meningitidis, gram neg aerobic capsule *begins as throat infection, rash 10% ppl are healthy carriers |
answer
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) |
question
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) - vaccines against some serotypes avail - T or F |
answer
| TRUE |
question
| only bact mening that causes epidemics |
answer
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) |
question
| mening characterized by sudden onset of fever, severe headache, painful neck rigidity, nausea and vomiting *convulsions often in children *delirium or coma frequent (if disease allowed to progress, mening thicken, and hemor and clotting contrib to damage) |
answer
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) |
question
| MC (meningococcus) usually colonizes the ___, but may spread to blood (meningococcemia) and go to skin, joints, lungs, adrenal glands, CNS |
answer
| nasopharynx |
question
| Petechial hemorrhages can come from this meningococcal endotoxin |
answer
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) |
question
| may lead to adrenal hemor, circulatory collapse, and shock (Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome - which is rapidly fatal) |
answer
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) |
question
| gram pos diplococci 70% healthy carriers MOST common in children (1mo-4yrs) Mortality rate: 30% children, 80% elderly Prevented by vaccination |
answer
| Pneumococcal Pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae) |
question
| what are precautions for Pneumococcal pneum? (Strep pneum) Prophylaxis tx? |
answer
| droplet Ab tx for close contacts |
question
| agents of neonatal bact mening are (colonizes in intestin tract or skin and spreads to bldstrm) birth-1mo |
answer
| Group B strep, E coli, Listeria monocytogenes |
question
| Group B strep, E coli and Listeria monocytogenes can colonize in genital tract and given to baby during delivery, causing what? |
answer
| neonatal bact meningitis |
question
| Mening occurs 2' infection to upper resp tract colonization with H influe, S pneum, N. mening - what age group? |
answer
| children 2 mos to five years |
question
| catalase positive = catalase neg |
answer
| Staph strep |
