Microbiology Unit 4 – Flashcards
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| substance capable of initiating an immune response; usually PART of a protein (8-16 aa's long) |
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| antigen |
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| study of mechanisms that protect an individual from injury; ability of body to recognize what is ATYPICAL |
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| immunology |
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| injuries to body from bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi |
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| exogenous microorgs |
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| WBCs that are 1st responders, phagocytic, not great at triggering immune response |
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| neutrophils |
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| WBC that produce histamines |
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| basophils |
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| mature into macrophages |
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| monocytes |
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| lymphocytes are involved in ___ immunity (specific or innate) |
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| specific |
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| no memory, triggered every time org comes in |
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| innate immunity, non-specific immunity |
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| 3 parts of nonspecific immunity (2 lines of defense) |
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| surface barriers - 1st line cellular defenses - 2nd line chemical defenses - 2nd line |
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| first line of defense in innate immunity |
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| skin and mucous membrane normal flora |
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| how does sebum contribute to 1st line of innate immunity? |
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| antimicrobial properties, make skin slightly acidic |
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| examples of mucous membranes that contribute to nonspecific immunity |
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| low pH in vagina, acids in stomach, lysozomes in tears |
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| what cells in 2nd line of innate immunity trigger specific/adaptive immunity system the mostwhere are they foundhow do they work |
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| dendritic; tissues; migrate out looking for T and B cells to ignite adaptive immunity |
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| can attack any cell, but not phagocytic, they attack cell membrane and release cytolytic chemicals - type of T cell in innate immunity system |
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| Natural Killer cells |
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| steps of phagocytosis (4) |
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| chemotaxis attachment ingestion digestion |
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| 3 chemical defenses (2nd line of defense in innate immunity) |
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| inflammation fever complement system |
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| stimulates WBCs reduces available free plasma iron induces Interleukin-1 slows growth rate of certain pathogens 1st response to be recognized |
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| Fever |
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| responds to foreign invaders, BUT ALSO physical trauma infection by microorgs chemical irritation burns |
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| inflammation |
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| fx of inflammatory response |
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| localize foreign substances at site of entry, prevent penetration to other tissues, help rebuild damaged tissue to normal |
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| heat redness swelling pain loss of fx (may or may not) |
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| cardinal signs of local inflammation |
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| Prostaglandins dilate vessels (brings Ab and phagoc to site) Forms fibrous connective tissue around site (wall off invaders, prevents spread) clean up debris |
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| steps of inflammation |
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| collection of cells and fluid in injured area |
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| exudate |
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| thick yellow exudates containing large #s of PMNs (polymorphoneutrophils) |
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| Purulent (suppurative) exudate |
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| thin, watery exudates, more plasma than cells (blister) |
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| serous exudate |
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| microorgs that cause a purulent exudate response (pus formation) -Strep A is this |
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| pyogenic |
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| causes cascading sequence that results in cell lysis, chemotaxis and or opsorization - 2 pathways (classical and alternative) that involve about 30 proteins |
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| complement system |
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| involving coding of bacterial cells - adds sticky proteins to cell surface so that it attaches more easily to phagocytizing cells |
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| opsonization |
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| makes memory, occurs when 2nd line of defense is insufficient for protection (or 2nd line stimulated so long, it activates this) 3rd LINE OF DEFENSE |
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| acquired/specific immunity |
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| phagocytic cells in 2nd line of defense include |
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| neutrophils macrophages dendritic cells |
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| MHC class 1 is present in all cells except ___; MHC 1 involved in what? |
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| RBC's; Cell-mediated immunity |
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| MHC type 2 are in ____ cells; involved in which type of specific immunity? |
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| Phagocytic cells; Humoral immunity |
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| Humoral immunity involves ____ organism; found in blood and extracellular spaces around cells |
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| Extracellular |
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| cell-mediated immunity involves ____ cellular pathogens |
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| intra |
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| we have more extracellular pathogens than intracellular...T or F |
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| True |
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| Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 cells) are part of ____ immunity; what is their action? |
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| cell-mediated; they lyse infected cells |
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| B cells, helper T cells (CD4 cells) are involved in ___ immunity |
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| humoral |
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| what do helper T-1 cells doWhat do helper T-2 cells do? |
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| T-1s activate the macrophages; T-2s activate B cells to produce IgM and IgE |
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| B cells break down into (2) things |
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| Plasma cells and memory cells |
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| Antibodies come from?? which immunity involved with? |
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| Plasma cells, that come from B cells involved in humoral immunity |
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| fx of IgM; fx of IgG |
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| 1st Ab 1st time infected; 1st Ab 2nd time infected, can cross placenta |
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| Fx of IgA Fx of IgD Fx of IgE |
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| in tears and saliva; unknown; involved in allergic reactions and fights parasitic worms |
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| 3rd line of immune defense |
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| Specific Immunity |
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| immunity whose response is unique to the challenge it's presented, diverse |
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| specific immunity |
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| activate other cells involved in humoral immunity (macrophages and B cells) and helps produce Ab (CD4 cells) |
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| helper T cells |
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| Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) cells destroy |
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| target cells on contact |
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| how many MHC 1 genes do we inherit? MHC 2? What's different about MHC 2 inherited genes? |
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| 6; 8 MHC 2 genes- 2 chains can recombine to produce many different variants for those 8 genes |
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| which type immunity guards from TB, fungi, leprosy, other infections, intracellular viruses and cancer, some kinds of tumors |
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| cell-mediated |
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| act as chemical messengers in the immune system; called lymphokine when lymphocyte produces it |
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| cytokine |
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| cytokine that attracts WBCs to infected areas |
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| chemokines |
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| cytokine that protects against viral infections (shuts downs replication in neighboring cells) |
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| interferons |
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| cytokine involved in further stimulating the immune response (IL1 - B cell matur and prolif, inflammation; IL2- T cell matur and differentiation |
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| interleukins |
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| cytokine that's important in inflammatory reaction, it's cytotoxic to cancer cells |
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| Tumor Necrosing Factors (TNF) |
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| cytokine that is macrophage colony stimulating factor AND stimulats hemopoiesis |
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| granulocyte |
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| proteosomes fx; involved in what type immunity |
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| chew up organism, breaks it down so MHC 1 can pick it up CELL-mediated immunity |
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| branch of immunity that protects us against more toxins, bacteria and viruses, deals with extracellular pathogens |
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| humoral |
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| involves B lymphocytes and plasma cells that produce specific Abs to react with particular pathogen |
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| humoral immunity |
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| immunoglobulins are also called |
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| antibodies; proteins called globulins |
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| antibodies held together in Y shape by ___ bonds |
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| 2 disulfide bonds- very strong |
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| what Ab occurs when Ag is introduced to host for 1st time? |
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| 1st Ab production-- IgM |
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| what occurs during lag or latent phase of Ab production? how long last? |
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| 5-7 days; no detectable Ab now |
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| what happens during Log phase of Ab production? How long last? |
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| gradual rise in titer (IgM), takes 1-2 weeks |
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| what happens during Plateau phase of Ab production? How long last? |
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| Ab titer stabilizes, peaking around 3-6 weeks |
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| what happens during Decline phase of Ab production? How long last? |
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| Ab titer decr due to catabolism of Ab, removal due to formation of immune complexes, halt production of more Ab; takes couple of months (whole process) |
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| anamnestic response is what? when does it occur? |
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| MEMORY RESPONSE occurs when another exposure to same Ag (days, wks, mos, yrs later) occurs |
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| 2d Ab production response different how? |
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| latent/lag phase shorter (just activ memory, not creating it) IgG is 1st Ab on scene titer response typically 10x greater duration lasts longer, maybe for lifetime, IgG creates stronger memory |
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| comprises about 80% all Ab in normal human serum, four subtypes |
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| IgG |
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| diffuses into extracellular space more easily (smaller), only Ab to neutralize toxin, good at complement cascade |
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| IgG |
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| IgG3 is the best |
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| complement activator |
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| IgG1 and IgG3 are better at crossing |
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| placenta |
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| pentamer, can't cross placenta, BEST complement activator bc it has 10 Ag binding sites |
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| IgM |
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| antibody in tears and saliva, also vaginal secretions, resp and intest mucus and colustrum |
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| IgA |
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| Immune Regulation and Antigen Clearance: inhibits IgG complement activation but activates alternative pathway, and prevents bacteria from attaching to mucosal surfaces preventing colonization |
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| IgA |
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| antibody with unknown fx, may contrib to B cell differentiation *highly susceptible to proteolytic enzymes |
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| IgD |
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| mediates type 1 hypersensitivity (allergies) and immunity against worms |
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| IgE |
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| antibody that bonds strongly to mast cells and basophils, releasing histamines and heparin |
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| IgE |
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| MHC class 2 - how does it work in cell? |
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| microbe phagocytized, lysosome breaks it down, MHC class 2 protein comes to lysosome, binds with fave fragment and displays on cell surface |
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| which cells involved in humoral immunity? |
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| B cells and some helper T cells (if T cells involved, better memory response) |
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| which cells involved in humoral immunity? |
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| B cells and some helper T cells (if T cells involved, better memory response) |
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| once B cell activated in humoral immunity, what happens? |
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| produces memory cells and plasma cells (plasma produces antibodies), antibodies attach to Ag, make it easier for Ag to be phagocytized |
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| Do both humoral and cell-mediated make memory? |
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| YES! |
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| Product of humoral immunityproduct of cell-mediated immunity? |
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| Ab; cytokines |
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| immunity that protects from extracellular pathogens, circ viruses, bact, toxins |
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| humoral immunity |
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| immunity that protects from intracellular pathogens |
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| cell-mediated |
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| which type of acquired immunity provides fetal protection? how? |
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| humoral...thru IgG Ab |
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| Dx test for humoral, for cell-mediated immunity? |
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| Ab titer Skin test |
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| what is mode of action for humoral immunity? for cell-mediated? |
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| Ag-Ab complexes cell-cell contact |
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| once acquired immunity activated, ___ are also activated, in differing degrees |
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| cell-mediated and humoral immunity |
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| MHC class 2 is only in what cellsMHC class 1 found in? |
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| phagocytes; all nucleated cells |
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| occurs when immune defenses go haywire - could be immediate or delayed *instead of protecting, immune response irritates |
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| hypersensitivity |
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| immediate hypersensitivity occurs within |
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| few min to 24 hours |
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| includes classic allergic responses, anaphylactic reactions, involve IgE Ab |
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| Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions |
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| over 1/2 population allergic to something - T or F |
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| TRUE |
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| most common observed type of hypersensitivity |
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| type 1 - allergic reaction |
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| what determines type and severity of allergic reaction |
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| nature of Ag amt time Ag entering body route of entry length time betw exposures person's ability to prod IgE Ab site of IgE attachment |
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| anaphylaxis that involves mast cell degranulation, ex include hay fever, hives, asthma *symptoms depend on how allergen enters body and sites of IgE attachment |
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| localized anaphylaxis |
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| immediate allergic reaction, involves basophil degranulation, shock reaction usually occurs within 20 min after exposure ex include: bee stings, penicillin, nut and shellfish allergies, lots of meds |
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| systemic anaphylaxis |
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| symptoms are: flushed skin with itching, headache, facial swelling, diff breathing, falling BP, nausea, vomiting, abdomin cramps, urination;;;;; possible acute resp distress unconsciousness death |
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| systemic anaphylaxis |
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| tx for systemic anaphylaxis? how effective is it? |
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| adrenaline, Epi, antihistamine - usually works! |
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| tx for systemic anaphylaxis? how effective is it? |
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| adrenaline, Epi, antihistamine - usually works! |
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| cytotoxic reactions seen in bl transfusions, Rh incompatib reactions -- involves IgG and IgM Ab |
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| Type 2 hypersensitivity |
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| immune complex reactions that occur in serum sickness and certain autoimmune diseases; also certain complications of untreated or inadeq tx of strep throat or other S pyogenes infections ex: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis |
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| Type 3 hypersensitivity |
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| Delayed (Type 4) hypersensitivity reactions usually seen after ___; part of which immunity? |
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| 24 hours; cell-mediated immunity |
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| Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions occur in what scenarios? |
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| transplant rejection, contact dermatitis, tuberculin and fungal skin tests |
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| Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions occur in what scenarios? |
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| transplant rejection, contact dermatitis, tuberculin and fungal skin tests |
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| disease that results when person's IS attacks itself, no longer recog self and non-self; can occur during fetal dev if certain tissues aren't exposed to immune system |
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| autoimmune disease |
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| IS not fx properly is called ___; also termed ___ |
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| immune deficiency, immunosuppressed, etc |
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| malnutrition is number one cause of what worldwide? |
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| immune deficiency |
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| what tx may help someone with certain immune deficiency diseases? |
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| bone marrow transplant or gene therapy |
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| acquired immunity can be obtained 3 ways |
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| active, passive, adopted |
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| type of immunity where host is immunocompetent, their own cells can meet challenge, takes wks to dev this, but usually offers lifelong immunity *may be naturally or artificially acquired |
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| active immunity |
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| getting a vaccine would be _____ immunity |
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| active artificial immunity |
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| naturally getting rubella virus called ____ immunity |
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| active natural immunity |
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| type of immunity where 'pre-formed' Ab are given to the host, *offers immediate, short-term protection |
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| passive immunity |
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| breastmilk, placenta, Hep B Ig are examples of ___ immunity |
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| passive |
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| bone marrow transplant is ___ immunity (host is immunocompetent, so i.c. transplanted into host) |
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| adopted immunity |
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| way of creating memory without becoming ill...suspension of orgs or fractions of orgs that stimulate specific immune response so if encountered again, an amanestic response occurs to fight Ag/disease |
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| vaccine |
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| procedure common in 18th century where dried scabs of smallpox were injected into another person's veins, Pasteur called it vaccination |
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| variolation |
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| goal of vaccination: herd immunity, also determined as |
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| control spread of hard-to-treat-or-prevent (mostly viral) disease |
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| vaccine that provides better protection bc it closely mimics disease, considered less safe EX: Sabin (oral) polio, MMR |
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| attenuated, live |
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| influenza, Salk polio - vaccines that have killed or inactivated orgs in them, no risk |
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| inactivated |
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| vaccine with inactivated toxins that stimulate immune response to make IgG Ab against toxin TETANUS and DIPHTHERIA |
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| Toxoid vaccine |
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| vaccine that contains antigenic fragments |
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| subunit |
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| subunit vaccine in which different microbe produces Ag fragment ex: Hep B - yeast produces part of HBV that stimulates immune response |
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| Recombinant vaccine |
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| vaccine developed bc children <15 mos don't produce adeq immune response (T-cell mediated) to capsular polysaccharides so proteins are added which stimulate humoral immunity EX are: Hib (Haemophilus influenzae) |
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| conjugated vaccine |
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| ideal, not approved: naked DNA injected via gene gun which results in protein production of what DNA codes for, proteins stimulate immune response |
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| Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) vaccine |
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| IgA inhibits ___ and prevents ____ by preventing bact from attaching to mucosal surfaces |
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| IgG; colonization |
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| two types of IgA - serum and secretory |
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| trace Ig is also called (involved in allergic reactions) |
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| IgE |
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| injury that comes from malignant or senescent (dying) cells |
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| endogenous cells |
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| injury from exogenous chemicals - chem include |
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| pollens pet dander poison ivy |
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| which Ab only one to neutralize toxins? |
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| IgG |
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| chemicals added to vaccine to improve antigenicity (in US, aluminum salts used) not a vaccine by itself |
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| adjuvants |
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| Ideal vaccine - describe 4 things |
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| taken orally rather than injected (eliminates invasive procedure) gives life-long immunity in single dose stable without refrigeration affordable |
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| poison produced by bacteria - def and give examples |
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| TOXIN diptheria toxin, botulism toxin, tetanus toxin |
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| Anti-toxin (Ab to dipth, tetanus or botulism) |
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| Ab produced by host to neutralize bacterial toxin. can be produced actively after exposure or passively thru injection |
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| type of vaccine where part of toxin is injected into host to invoke humoral immune response |
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| Diptheria and tetanus vaccine TOXOID VACCINE |
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| direct tests detect ____ from patient sample |
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| antigens |
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| indirect tests detect Ab from patients ___ |
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| serum |
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| study of Ab in serum |
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| serology |
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| why do we msre Ab? |
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| Dx infections and autoimmune diseases |
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| serologic testing - if you find only IgM Ab - what does this indicate? |
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| recent infection |
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| serologic testing - if you find IgM and IgG Ab - what does this indicate? |
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| recent infection |
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| serologic testing - if you find only IgG Ab - what does this indicate? |
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| indicates past infection or past vaccination |
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| if IgM is present in newborns, what does this indicate |
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| indicates recent dev, IgM first Ab produced in fetal dev |
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| if IgG is present in newborns what does this indicate |
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| maternal protection - IgG passes thru placenta and colostrum |
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| agglutination of RBCs |
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| hemagglutination |
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| agglutination as a serological test finds |
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| particulate Ags |
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| RBCs are an indicator for what serological test |
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| complement fixation |
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| serological test that inactivates toxin or virus |
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| neutralization |
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| perioxidase enzyme is indicator for which serological test |
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| ELISA |
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| soluble Ags used for this serological test |
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| precipitation |
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| Ab linked to fluorescent dye - which serological test? |
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| fluorescent Ab technique |
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| immunologic test where Ab detected in serum by visualizing Ag-Ab complex |
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| Titer |
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| immunologic test where Ab detected in serum by visualizing Ag-Ab complex |
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| Titer |
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| Ab titer |
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| Amt of Ab in titer |
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| Rapid Group A Strep test, Influenza A and B test, Rotavirus test - examples of Rapid Ag tests |
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| ELISA |
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| immunologic test in which Ag are injected under epidermal layer of skin and host examined for hypersensitivity reaction |
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| Skin test |
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| allergy tests and PPD for TB are these types of immunological tests |
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| Skin test |
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| TB skin test can tell difference betw vaccination and actual exposure - T or F |
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| FALSE |
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| Principle behind TB skin test |
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| prev exposure stimulates cell-med immunity (bc org inside macrophages), in subsequent exposure (skin test), delayed hypersensitivity should respond |
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| Principle behind TB skin test |
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| prev exposure stimulates cell-med immunity (bc org inside macrophages), in subsequent exposure (skin test), delayed hypersensitivity should respond |
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| signs of pos Mantoux test |
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| hardening, reddening around area |
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| signs of pos Mantoux test |
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| hardening, reddening around area |
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| any lab test that uses immunologic principles (humoral or cell-mediated immunity) |
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| immunologic test |
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| acute and convalescent titers should be how far apart |
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| four-fold increase in titer, so 4 to 32 |
