Microbiology Tora Chapter 20 – Flashcards
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| A substance produced by a microbe that inhibits another microbe |
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| antibiotic |
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| Alpha intereron is used to treat |
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| viral hepatitis |
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| Ampicillin is what spectrum |
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| extended against many gram negatives |
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| Ampicillin is what spectrum |
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| extended against many gram negatives |
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| Bacitracin is used for what type of application |
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| topical |
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| Classes of B-lactam antibiotics include |
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| penicillins, carbapenems, monobactams |
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| Echinocandins is used commonly to treat |
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| candida and pneumocystis |
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| First generation cephalosporins are what spectrum |
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| narrow spectrum against gram + |
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| First generation cephalosporins are what spectrum |
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| narrow spectrum against gram + |
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| Fourth generation cephalosporins are what spectrum |
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| the most extended |
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| Fourth generation cephalosporins are what spectrum |
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| the most extended |
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| Fussion inhibitors work by |
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| inhibiting enzymes |
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| How do Streptogramins work |
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| bind 50S subunit inhibiting the growth of polypeptide chain |
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| How do aminoglycosides work |
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| by inhibiton of protein synthesis through changing shape of 30S subunit causing mRNA to be misread |
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| How do antifungal drugs work? |
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| inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
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| How do antimycobacterial work? |
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| inhibit cell wall synthesis |
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| How do antisece agents work |
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| as a complementary DNA that binds the pathogens virulace genes |
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| How do cephalosporins work |
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| inhibit cell wall synthesis |
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| How do cephalosporins work |
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| inhibit cell wall synthesis |
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| How do competitive inhibitors work |
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| by inhibting the production of essential enzymes |
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| How do macrolides work? |
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| bind the 50 s subunit irreversibly blocking translation |
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| How do oxazolidinoes work |
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| bind 50s subunit which prevents fromation of 70s ribosome |
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| How do penicllins work? |
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| inhibotrs of cell wall synthesis |
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| How do penicllins work? |
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| inhibotrs of cell wall synthesis |
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| How do penicllins work? |
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| inhibotrs of cell wall synthesis |
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| How do polypetide antibiotics work |
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| inhibotors of cell wall cynthesis |
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| How do siRNAs work? |
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| as complemnetary RNA that bind MRNA to inhibit translation |
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| How do vancomycin specifically work to to inhibit cell wall synthesis |
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| it binds to D-alanines preventing peptidoglycan cross bridges |
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| How does cloramphenicol work |
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| it inhibts protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosome, and inhibits peptide bond formation |
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| How does ethambutol inhibit cell wall synthesis |
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| inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid into the cell wall |
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| How does isoniazid inhibit cell wall synthesis? |
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| inhibits mycolic acid synthesis |
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| How does polymyxin B work? |
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| injurs the plasma membrane |
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| How does quinoles work? |
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| they inhibit nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase |
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| How does rifamycin work |
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| inhibts mRNa sythesis |
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| How does sulfonamides work? |
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| through competivive inhibition of folic acid |
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| How does tetracyclines work |
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| bind 30 s subunit preventing tRNA attachment |
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| How does the antifungal drug flucytosine work |
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| by inhibting synthesis of Rna via a cytosine analog |
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| How does the antifungal drug giseofulvin work |
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| by inhibtion of mitotic microtubules |
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| Howard Flrey and Ernst were the first to |
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| perform clinical trials of penicillin |
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| Idinavir used to treat HIV is an an example of what type of antiviral drug |
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| protease inhibitor |
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| Interfereons |
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| prevent spread of viruses to new cells |
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| MBC |
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| minimal bactericidal concentration |
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| MIC |
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| minimal inhibitory concentration |
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| Macrolides are what spectrum |
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| narrow affective against gram positives |
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| Oxacillin is what spectrum |
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| Narrow affective against gram + |
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| Oxacillin is what spectrum |
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| Narrow affective against gram + |
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| Paula Ehrlic discovered |
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| sulfa drugs (sulfonamides |
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| Penicillin G is considered what spectrum? |
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| Narrow affective against gram + |
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| Penicillin G is considered what spectrum? |
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| Narrow affective against gram + |
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| Penicillin G is considered what spectrum? |
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| Narrow affective against gram + |
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| Penicillin V is affective against what type of bacteria |
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| gram + |
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| Penicillin V is affective against what type of bacteria |
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| gram + |
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| Penicillin V is affective against what type of bacteria |
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| gram + |
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| Polypetide antibiotics are considered the last line of defense against restiant strains of what bacteria? |
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| S. aureus |
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| Quinolones are comonly used to treat |
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| UTI and pneomonia |
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| Resistance genes are passed via |
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| plasmids or transposons |
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| Rifampin is comonly used to treat |
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| tuberculosis and leprocy |
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| Second generation cephalosporons are what spectrum |
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| extended include gram negative |
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| Second generation cephalosporons are what spectrum |
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| extended include gram negative |
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| Streptogramins are used comminly for organisms that are resistant to |
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| vancomycin |
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| Synercid |
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| a combination of 2 peptides that work together to inhibt translation |
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| The 2 semisynthetic penicillins Foster mentioned |
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| Oxacillin, Ampicillin |
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| The 2 semisynthetic penicillins Foster mentioned |
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| Oxacillin, Ampicillin |
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| The use of drugs to treat a disease |
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| chemotherapy |
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| Third generation cephalosporins are what spectrum |
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| narrow affective against gram - including pseudomonads |
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| Third generation cephalosporins are what spectrum |
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| narrow affective against gram - including pseudomonads |
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| What 2 main factors lead to antibiotic resistance |
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| mutations, misuse |
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| What antibiotic is considred the last line of defense against multidrug resistant gram - bacteria? |
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| Amikacin |
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| What antibiotic is not considered a magic bullet because it penetrates mamalian cells to some extent? |
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| Tetracycline |
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| What are 3 types of future chemotherapeutic agents |
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| antimicrobial peptides, antisense agents,SiRNA |
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| What are 4 examples of aminoglycosides? |
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| streptomycin, neomycin, gentamycin, Amikacin |
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| What are allyamines used for |
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| azole resistant fungal infections |
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| What are the 2 types of antimycobacterial antibiotics? |
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| Isoniazid and ethambutol |
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| What are the 3 antibiotics/classes used as inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis? |
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| rifamamycin, quinolones and fluorquinolones |
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| What are the 4 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance |
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| enzymatic drug destruction, penetration prevention, alteration of target site, rapid ejection |
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| What are the 4 ways antiviral drugs work |
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| potease inhibitor, intetrase inhibitor, attachment inhibitor, uncoating inhibitor |
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| What are the 5 classes of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis? |
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| natural penicillins, synthetic penicillins, cephalosporins, polypetides, antimycobacterials |
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| What are the 5 classes of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis? |
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| natural penicillins, synthetic penicillins, cephalosporins, polypetides, antimycobacterials |
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| What are the 6 types/classes of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis |
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| choramphenicol, aminoglycosides, tetraclines, macrolides sstreptogramins, oxazolidinones |
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| What are the negative effects of using aminoglycosides |
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| They can effect hearing, damage kidneys |
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| What are the two polypetide antibiotics foster wants us to know |
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| Bacitracin, vancoymycin |
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| What chemotherapy test can determine if an antibiotic is bacteriocidal? |
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| broth dilution |
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| What drugs make up the antifungals |
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| Echinocandins, flucytocine, pentamidine, polyens, azoles. Allylamine, griseofulvin, tolnaftate |
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| What is Rifampin especially known for |
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| ability to penetrate tissue, spinal fluid |
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| What is griseofulvin used for |
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| the superfical dermatophyte funal infection |
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| What is polyxin B primarily used for |
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| topical application, combined with bacitracin, and neomycin |
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| What is the difference between Pen. G and V? |
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| Penicillin G requires injection |
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| What is the difference between Pen. G and V? |
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| Penicillin G requires injection |
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| What is the difference between Pen. G and V? |
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| Penicillin G requires injection |
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| What is the difference between oxacillin and ampicillin other than spectrum |
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| Oxacillin is resistant to penicillinase |
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| What is the difference between oxacillin and ampicillin other than spectrum |
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| Oxacillin is resistant to penicillinase |
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| What is the effect of penicillinase on penicllins |
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| it converts penicillin to penicilloic acid |
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| What is the spectrum of Bacitracin |
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| gram positives especailly staph. And strep. |
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| What is the spectrum of oxazolidinones? |
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| narrow useful primarily against gram postive penicillin resistant bacteria |
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| What is the spectrum of polymyxin B? |
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| narrow effective against gram - |
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| What is the spectrum of rifampin |
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| narrow affective against mycobacteria |
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| What is the spectrum of streptogramins |
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| narrow, gram + |
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| What is the structural analog of PABA |
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| sulfamethoxazole |
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| What is the structural analog of dihydrofoic acid? |
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| trimethroprim |
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| What occurs when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect alone |
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| synergism |
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| What spectrum are antimycobacterials? |
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| narrow affective only against mycobacterials |
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| What spectrum are sulfa drugs? |
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| broad spectrum |
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| What spectrum in aminoglycosides |
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| broad spectrum |
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| What spectrum is chlamphenicol |
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| broad spectrum |
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| What spectrum is tetracycline? |
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| broad spectrum |
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| What sulfa drugs are used syntergistically? |
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| sulfamethoxazole and treimethroprim |
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| What type of drug is acylovir? |
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| antiviral |
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| What type of drug is enfuviritide |
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| fussion inhibitor |
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| What type of oxazolidinone what developed as an antiMRSA drug? |
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| linezolid |
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| Which antibiotic was considered one of the first synthetic antibiotics? |
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| sulfa drugs (sulfonamides |
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| Which protein synthesis inhibitor is completely synthetic? |
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| oxaxolidinones |
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| Why are quinolones not always effective |
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| resitance to them can develp rapidly even during treatment |
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| Zanamivir is an example of what type of anitviral? |
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| attachment inhibitor |
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| amantadine is example of what type of anitviral |
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| uncoating |
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| antibiogram |
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| reports prepared by hospitals to record the susceptibility of organisms encountered clinically |
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| how do echinocandins inhibit cell wall synthesis |
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| by inhibitining synthesis of b-glucan (ergosterols) resulting in an incomplete cell |
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| how does acyclovir work |
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| as a structrual analong of deoxyguanosine |
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| what drug promotes interferon production |
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| imiquimod |
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| what is the antifungal drug tolnaftlate used to treat |
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| athleats foot |
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| who discovered penicillin |
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| Flemmin |
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| zanimivir is used to treat |
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| influenza, hiv |
