Test Answers on Microbiology Lecture Exam #1 – Flashcards
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| Type of bacteria that lives in harsh conditions. |
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| Archaea |
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| Cells of animals, plants, fungi, and protist |
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| Eukaryotic Cells |
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| Contain membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize the cytoplasm and perform specific functions. |
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| Eukaryotic cells |
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| No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. |
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| Prokaryotic Cells |
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| Contain double-membrane bound nucleus with DNA chromosomes. |
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| Eukaryotic cells |
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| Basic shape of cells |
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| spherical, cubical, and cylindrical |
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| Internal content |
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| cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane...DNA chromosome(s), ribosomes(synthesized protiens), metaboic capabilities. |
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| 1st Characteristic of Life |
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| Reproduction and heredity-genome composed of DNA packed in chromosomes; produce offspring sexually or asexually. |
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| 2nd characteristic of life |
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| Growth and development |
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| 3rd characteristic of life |
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| Metabolism-chemical and physical life processes |
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| 4th chacteristic of life |
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| Movement and/or irritability-respond to internal/external stimuli; self-propulsion of many organisms. |
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| 5th characteristic of life |
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| cell support, protection, and storage mechanisms - cell walls, vacuoles, granules and inclusions |
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| 6th characteristic of life |
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| Transport of nutrients and waste |
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| Cellular structure and function is amazingly versatile and adaptable |
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| Prokaryotic cell |
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| Appendages, flagella, Pili, Fimbriae, Glycocalyx-capsule, slime layer |
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| Prokaryotic cell (external) |
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| Cell wall, cell membrane |
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| Prokaryotic cell (cell envelope) |
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| cytoplasmic matrix, ribosomes, inclusions(stored material), nucleoid/chromosome(DNA), actin cytoskeleton, endospore (has crust coating and is entirely different metabolic state) |
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| Prokaryotic cell (Internal) |
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| Because of their small size prokaryotic cells... |
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| appear featureless and two dimensional when viewed with an ordinary microscope. |
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| category of prokaryotes with pepidoglycan in their cell walls |
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| Bacteria |
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| organizing, classifing, and naming living things is called |
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| Taxonomy |
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| orderly arrangement of organisms into groups is called |
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| classification |
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| assigning names is called |
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| nomenclature |
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| determining and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes... |
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| identification |
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| Levels of Classification...1,2,3 |
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1. Domain (Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya) 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum or Division |
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| Levels of Classification 4,5,6 |
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4. class 5. order 6. family |
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| Levels of classification 7,8 |
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7. Genus 8. Species |
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| Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists |
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| Domian Eukarya |
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| Cyanobactera, Chlamydias Spirochetes, Gram-positive bacteria, Endospore producers, Gram-negative bacteria |
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| Domain Bacteria |
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| Binomial (scientific) nomenclature |
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Geives each microbe 2 names: Genus - which is captialized species - which is lower case Both of which are italicized or underlined |
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| natural relatedness between groups of organisms is called |
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| Phylogeny |
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-All new species originate from preexisting species. -Closely related organism have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms. |
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| Evolution |
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| Methane producers, Prokaryotes that live in extreme salt, Prokaryotes that live in extreme heat |
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| Domain Archaea |
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| true bacteria |
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| Bacteria |
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| odd baceria that live extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc. |
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| Archaea |
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| Have a nucleus and organelles. |
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| Eukarya |
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| Process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activites. |
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| Nutrition |
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| Must be provided to an organism |
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| Essential Nurtients |
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These nutrients are required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism. * Proteins, carbbohydrates |
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| Macronutrients |
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The nutrients are required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of pretein structure. *Manganese, zinc, nickel |
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| Micronutrients or trace elements |
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Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the products of living things. *Methane (CH4), carbohydrates, lipid, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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| Organic nutrients |
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Atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than cargon and hydrogen (no carbon) *Metals and their salts, gases, and water |
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| Inorganic nutrients |
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70% water Proteins 96% of cell is composed of these 6 elements:
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Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur Nitrogen
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| Must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbohydrates, dipids, and nucleic acids. |
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| Heterotroph |
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| Producers of an Eco-system |
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| Autotroph |
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an organism that uses CO2 an inorganic gas as its carbon source. *Not nutritionally dependent on other living things. |
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| Autotroph |
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| Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organism because they lack the genetic and metabolic mechanisms to synthesize them |
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| Essential Organic Nutrients |
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| Growth factors must be provided as a nutrient such as... |
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| Essential amino acids and vitamins |
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| Sources of Essential Nutrients |
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Carbon sources (Heterotroph and Autotroph) |
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| Main determinants of nutritional type are: |
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Carbon source-heteroph and autotroph Energy source-chemotroph and phototrophs |
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| gain energy from chemical compounds |
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| Chemotroph |
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| gain energy through photosynthesis |
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| Phototrophs |
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| Photoautotroph is an autotroph that gets its CO2 from what energy source |
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Sunlight ex: organisms, such as algae, plants, cyanobacteria |
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| Chemoautotroph is an autotroph that gets it CO2 from what energy source |
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Simple inorganic chemicals ex: Only certain bacteria, such as methanogens, deep-sea vent bacteria |
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| Chemoheterotroph is an Hetetotroph/Organic that get its energy source from |
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Metabolic conversion of the nutrients from other organisms ex: Protozoa, fungi, many bacteria, animals |
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| What is a Saprobe (Chemoheterotroph) energy source |
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Metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms ex: Fungi, bacteria (decomposers) |
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| What is a Parasite (Chemoheterotroph) energy source |
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Utilizing he tissues, uids of a live host ex: Various parasites and pathogens; can be bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animal. |
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| A Photoheterotroph (Hetertroph/organic) that gets its energy from |
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Sunlight or organic matter ex: Purple and green photosynthetic bacteria |
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| Photoautotrophs survive by |
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Oxygenic photosynthesis and Anoxygenic photosynthesis |
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| Chemoautotrophs (lithoautotrophs) survive |
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| totally on inorganic substances |
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| Methanogen is a kind of chemoautotroph that... |
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| produce methane gas under anaerobic conditions |
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| Majority of Heterotrophs are chemohetertrophs which survive on... |
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| Aerobic respiration |
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Free-living microoorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms *Opportunistic pathogen *Facultative parasite are called: |
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| Saprobes |
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They derive nutrients from host *Pathogens *Some are obligate parasites |
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| Parasites |
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| Type of transport that does not require energy; substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower concentration: |
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| Passive transport |
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| List types of passive transports: |
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| Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated diffusion |
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| moves down concentration gradient |
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| Diffusion |
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| diffusion of water |
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| Osmosis |
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| requires a carrier |
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| Facilitated diffusion |
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| Type of transport that requires energy and carrier proteins: gradient independent: |
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| Active transport |
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| transported molecule chemically altered |
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| Group translocation |
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| endocytosis (moves into the cell), exocyosis (goes outside fo the cell), pinocytosis |
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| Bulk transport |
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| 6 I's; of culturing microbes |
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| Inoculation, Isolation, Incubation, Inspection, Information gathering, and Identification |
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| Introduction of a sample into a containter of media to produce a culture of observable growth is called |
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| Inoculation |
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| Seperating one species from another is called |
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| Isolation |
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| Under conditions that allow growth... |
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| Incubation |
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| Isolation techniques include: |
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Streak plate technique Pour plate technique Spread plate technique |
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| Media can be classified by what three state: |
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Physical state Chemical composition Functional type |
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| liquid (TSB), simisolid, and solid |
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| Physical state |
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| synthetic (chemically defined) and nonsynthetic (complex) |
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| Chemical composition |
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| general purpose, enriched, selective, differential, anaerobic growth, specimen transport, assay, enumeration |
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Functional type (Purpose of Medium) |
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| Type of media that can be chemically defined is called |
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| Synthetic |
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| Type of media that is complex and is not chemically defined |
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| Nonsynthetic |
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| liquid medium containing beef extract and peptone |
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| Nutrient broth |
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| solid media containing beef extract, peptone (which is a partial digested protien), and agar |
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| Nutrient agar |
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| The most commonly used solidifying agent is called |
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| Agar |
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| A complex polysaccharide (sugars) isolated from red algae |
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| Agar |
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| Agar is solid at room temperature, liquiefies at boiling (100 C), and does not re-solidify until it cools at____ |
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| 42 C |
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| What does Agar do? |
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| Provides framework to hold moisture and nutrients and is not digestivle for most microbes. |
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| Media that contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula |
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| Synthetic |
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| Media that contains at least on ingredient that is not chemically definable. |
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| Complex or nonsynthectic |
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| Media that grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic. |
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| General purpose media |
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| Media that contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin, or special growht factors required by fastidious (hard to grow) microbes. |
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| Enriched Media |
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| Contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes. |
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| Selective Media |
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| Allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences amound thos microbes. |
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| Differential Media |
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| Contains a substance that absorbs oxygen or slows penetration of osygen into mediam; used for growing anaerobic bacteria. |
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| Reducing medium |
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| Contains sugars that can be fermented converted to acids, and a pH indicator to show this reaction. |
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| Carbohydrate fermentation medium |
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| Temperature-controlled chamber |
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| Incubation |
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| observation; macroscopic and microscopic |
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| Inspection |
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| grows only single known species of microorganisms |
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| Pure culture |
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| hold two or more identified species or microoorganisms |
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| Mixed cultures |
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| once pure or mixed uclture that has unwanted microbes growing |
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| Contaminated culture |
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| macroscopic and microscopic appearance, biochemical test, genetic characteristics, immunological testing |
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| Identification |
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| What two way are potentially hazardous cultures and specimens disposed? |
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-Steam Sterilization (Autoclave) -Inceneration (Burning) |
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| Division of bacterial cells occurs mainly through |
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| Binary fission |
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| Parent cell enlarges, duplicates its chromosome, and forms a central transverse septum dividing the cell into two daugher cells.; This is called |
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| Binary Fission |
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| Time requied for a complete fission cycle is called the |
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| generation or doubling time |
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| Each new fission cycle increases the population by a factor of |
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| 2-exponential growth |
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| Formula for calculating population size over time: |
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Nf = (N1)2n ; Nf total # of cells in the population N1 is starting number of cells Exponentn denotes generation time 2n number of cells in that generation |
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| In laboratory studies, population typically display a predictable patter over time called |
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| growth curve |
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| Stages in the normal growth curve include: |
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| Lag Phase, Exponential growth phase, Stationary phase, and Death phase |
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| "flat" period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth is called |
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| Lag Phase |
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| A period of maximum growth withll continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and favorable environment. |
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| Exponential growth phase |
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| Rate of cell growth equals rate of cell death caused by depleted nutrients and O2, excretion of organic acids and pollutants. |
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| Stationary phase |
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| As limiting factor intensify, cells die exponentially. |
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| Death phase |
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| Degree of cloudiness, turbidity, reflects the relative population size.; This is called |
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| Turbidometry |
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| Getting a viable colony count or direct cell count of all cells present; automated or manual is called |
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| Enumeration of bacteria |
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| What can pick up fine degrees of difference in turbidity? |
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| Spectrophotometer |
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| Evenly cloudy thoughout |
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| uniform fine turbidity |
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| produces a type of surface membrane |
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| pellicle |
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| appears to clump (suspended chunks or pieces) |
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| Flocculent |
