Microbiology Chapters 1 & 2 – Flashcards
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| Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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| Dutch maker of microscopes, "The Father of Microbiology" whose observations of living microscopic organisms were published from 1673 through 1723 |
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| Francesco Redi |
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| Italian physician who designed the rotting meat experiment in 1668 to refute spontaneous generation |
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| John Needham |
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| English clergyman who supported spontaneous generation. In 1745, he poured boiled chicken broth into flasks and then sealed them; microorganisms grew |
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| Lazzaro Spallanzani |
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| Italian priest who refuted spontaneous generation. In 1765, he modified Needham's experiment by sealing flasks containing broth, then boiling the broth; no microorganisms grew |
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| Rudolf Virchow |
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| German Scientist who proposed the "cell theory: (1858) which refutes spontaneous generation by stating that "living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells" |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| French chemist who demonstrated that fermentation of sugar into alcohol (for beer and wine production) was due to yeast (1857). The souring of beer and wine was due to the presence of bacteria. Hedeveloped pasteurization (1864), the heating of sugar solution to kill the bacteria and prevent spoilage of beverages |
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| Edward Jenner |
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| English physician who discovered that people vaccinated with cowpox were protected from smallpox (1798). |
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| Robert Koch |
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| German physician who discovered that the disease anthrax was caused by a specific bacterium, Bacillus anthracis(1876). His research provided evidence for the germ theory of disease. |
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| Wendell Stanley |
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| American biochemist discovered that the agent that caused tobacco mosaic disease was so chemically simple and homogeneous that it could be crystallized like a chemical compound. |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| Scottish physician who accidentally discovered the antbiotic penicillin. |
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| Dmitri Iwanowski |
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| Russian botanist who showed that when sap from infected tobacco plants infected was passed through a filter known to remove all bacteria, the filtered sap could still infect other tobacco plants (1892) |
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| Paul Ehrlich |
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| German physician who discovered the "magic bullet", salversan, a synthetic chomotherapeutic agent for syphilis |
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| Spontaneous Genration |
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| The idea that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter. |
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| Aseptic Techniques |
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| Laboratory techniques used to minimize contamination. |
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| Antibiotic |
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| An antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally ba a bacterium or fungus. |
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| Chemotherapy |
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| Treatment of disease with chemical substances. |
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| Biogenesis |
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| the theory that living cells arise only from preexisting cells. |
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| Fermentation |
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| The enzymatic degradation of charbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required |
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| Cell Theory |
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| All living organisms are composed of cells and arise from preexisting cells. |
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| Germ Theory of Disease |
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| the principle that microorganisms cause disease. |
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| Pasteurization |
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| The process of mild heating to kill particualr spoilage microorganisms of pathogens. |
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| Microorganism |
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| A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye; includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microscopic algae; also includes viruses. |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| French chemist who refuted spontaneous generation. In 1861, he designed an experiment that incorporated methods from Needham's and Spallanzani's experiments. He boiled the broth in the flask (spallanzani) and bent the neck of the flask into an S-shaped curve allowing air to enter(Needham). No microorganism grew. |
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| Robert Hooke |
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| English natural philospopher who coined the term "cell" in 1665, after observing plant cells with a microscope. |
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| Virology |
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| The scientific study of viruses. |
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| Synthetic Drug |
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| A chemotherapeutic agent that is prepared from chemicals in a laboratory. |
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| Edouard Chatton |
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| Introduced the term 'prokarote' to distinguish cells without a nucleus form those with nuclei(1937). |
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| Carolus Linnaeus |
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| Swedish naturalist is known as the father of modern taxonomy. He developed the binomial system of nomenclature to classify and organize plants and animals. |
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| Carl von Nageli |
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| Proposed that bacteria and fungi be placed in the Plant Kingdom (1857). |
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| Roger Stanier |
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| Provided the current definition of a prokaryote, cells in which the nuclear material is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane (1961). |
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| Carl R. Woese |
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| Proposed creating three domains, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya based on ribosomal RNA (rRNA) characteristics (1978). |
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| Earnst Haeckel |
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| Proposed creating the Kingdom Protista, which would include all unicellular organisms including bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and algae (1866). |
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| Robert H. Whittaker |
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| Founded the five-kingdom concept: with all prokaryotes inthe Kingdom Monera and eukaryotes in the Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista (1969). |
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| Robert G.E. Murphy |
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| Proposed creating the Kingdom Prokaryotae (1968). |
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| Bacteria |
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| Domain of prokaryotic organisms, characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls; BACTERIUM (singular) when referring to a single organism. |
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| Chlorobi |
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| A group of Gram-negative, anoxygenic, photosynthetic bacteria (also called green nonsulfur bacteria). |
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| Endosymbiotic Theory |
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| According to this theory, eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotic cells. |
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| Specific Epithet |
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| The second or species name in a scientific binomial. |
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| Fungus |
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| (plural: fungi) An organism that belongs to the Kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic absorptive chemoheterotroph. |
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| Prokaryotic Species |
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| A population of cells that share certain rRNA sequences; in conventional biochemical testing, it is a poulation of cells with similar characteristics. |
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| Spirochaetes |
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| Members of the Gram-negative phylum have coiled, spring-like shapes, and move though the use of two or more axial filaments lying under the outer sheath. Human pathogens include the genera Traponema (syphilis) and Borrelia (Lyme diesease). |
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| Axial Filament |
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| The structure for motility found in spirochetes; also called endoflagellum. |
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| Chlamydiae |
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| This phylum of Gram-negative bacteria consists of obligate, intracellular pathogens that are transmitted by inhalation of aerosols or by direct contact between hosts. |
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| Firmicutes |
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| This phylum of Gram-positive bacteria have low G+C ratios. They include important enospore-forming bacteria such as Clostridium and Bacillus as well as non-endospore forming genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Enterococcus. |
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| Prokaryote |
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| A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope. |
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| Animalia |
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| The Kingdom composed of multicellular eukaryotes lacking cell walls. |
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| Domain Eukarya |
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| Includes all eukaryotic organisms: animals, plants, fungi, and protists. |
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| Family |
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| A toxonomic group between order and genus. |
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| Plantae |
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| The kingdom composed of multicellular eikaryotes with cellulose cell walls. |
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| rRNA |
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| Ribosomal RNA is present in all cells. Differences in rRNA are used to determine phylogenetic relationships among bacteria. |
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| Alphaproteobacteria |
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| A class in the Proteobacteria that includes most of the Proteobacteria capable of growth at very low levels of nutrients. Includes the anaerobic photosynthetic purple sulfur bacteria, the agriculturally improtant, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as well as several human and plant pathogens. |
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| Domain Bacteria |
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| Includes prokaryotes that have peptidoglycan in the cell wall. All pathogenic prokaryotes belong to this domain. It also includes many nonpathogenic and some photoautotrophic prokaryotes. |
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| Eukaryotic Species |
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| A group of closely related organisms that can interbreed. |
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| Phylum |
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| A taxonomic classification between kingdom and class. |
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| Actinobacteria |
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| This phylum of Gram-positive bacteria have high G+C ratios. Many of the bacteria have highly pleomorphic shapes with some bacteria growing as long branching filamenst that resemble fungal hyphae. |
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| Domain Archaea |
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| Includes all prokaryotes that do no have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They oten live in extreme environments and have unusual metabolic processes. |
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| Order |
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| A taxonomic classification between class and family. |
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| Binary Fission |
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| Prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells. |
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| Deltaproteobacteria |
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| A class in the Proteobacteria. They include bacteria that are predators on other bacteria, as well as the important sulfure reducing bacteria. |
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| Eukarya |
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| All eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, and protists); members of the Domain Eukarya. |
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| Genus |
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| (plural: genera) The first name of the scientific name (binomial); the taxon between family and species. |
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| Protist |
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| Term used for unicellular and simple nulticellular eukaryotes; Usually protozoa and algae. |
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| Viral Species |
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| A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche. |
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| Bergy's Manual |
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| Refers to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edition, the standard reference fro bacterial taxonomic classification. Uses rRNA similarities and differences to determine phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships. |
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| Class |
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| A taxonomic group between phylum and order. |
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| Enterotoxin |
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| An exotoxin that causes gastroenteritis, such as those produced by Staphylococcus, Vibrio, and Escherichia. |
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| G+C Ratio |
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| The percentage of all DNA base pairs in a genome that are guanine-cytosine base pairs-used to group Gram-positive bacteria into two phylogenetically related groups; the high G+C(<50%) group, Firmicutes. |
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| Proteobacteria |
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| Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria that possess a signature rRNA sequence. |
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| Taxonomic Hierarchy |
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| Grouping organisms into a series of subdivisions to show relationships; species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain. |
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| Betaproteobacteria |
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| A class in the proteobacteria that often uses nutrients that have diffused from areas of anaerobic decomposition. Includes nitrifying bacteria and several important pathogens. |
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| Cyanobacteria |
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| A group of Gram-negative, aerobic, photosynthetic bacteria (also called blue-green algae) that produce oxygen similar to photosynthesis in algae and plants. Some groups fix atmoshperic nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts. |
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| Epsilonproteobacteria |
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| A class in the Proteobacteria. These gram-negative bacteria are slender rods that have helical or vibroid shapes and include animal and human pathogens. |
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| Gammaproteobacteria |
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| The largest class in the Proteobacteria. It includes a great variety of physiological types, members inhabit soils, aquatic habitats, or are important mammalian intestinal symbionts, as well as human pathogens. |
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| Taxonomy |
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| the science of the classification of organisms. |
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| Bacteroidetes |
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| This phylum of Gram-negative bacteria includes several anaerobic genera and includes the genus Bacteroides, a common inhabitant of the uman intestinal tract. |
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| Chloroflexi |
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| A group of Gram-negative, anoxygenic, photosynthetic bacteria ( also called green sulfur bacteria) that deposit sulfur outside that cell. |
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| Enteric |
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| The common name for bacterium in the family Enterobacteriacae. |
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| Fusobacteria |
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| This phylum consists of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that are typically pleomorphic or can be spindle-shaped. |
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| Prostheca |
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| A stalk or bud protruding from a prokaryotic cell. |
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| Strain |
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| Genetically different cells within a clone. |
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| Binomial Nomenclature |
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| The system of having two names (genus and specific epithet) for each organism; also called scietific nomenclature. |
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| Domain |
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| A taxonomic classification based on rRNA sequences; above the kingdom level. |
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| Eukaryote |
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| A cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus. |
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| Kingdom |
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| A taxonomic classification between domain and phylum. |
