question

The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell is called A. anabolism. ?B. catabolism. ?C. metabolism. ?D. none of the choices

answer

C. metabolism.

question

T/F
Although most metabolic reactions are freely reversible, a few irreversible catabolic steps are bypassed during biosynthesis with special enzymes that catalyze the reverse reaction in order to allow for independent regulation of catabolic and anabolic pathways.

answer

True

question

T/F
Metabolic pathways can be either catabolic or anabolic but not both.

answer

False

question

__________ pathways are those that function both catabolically and anabolically.

answer

Amphibolic

question

T/F
The catabolism of glucose begins with one or more of the glycolytic pathways that yield pyruvate.

answer

True

question

____________ ____________ is a process that can completely catabolize an organic energy source to CO2 using the glycolytic pathways and TCA cycle with O2 as the terminal electron acceptor for an electron transport chain.

answer

aerobic respiration

question

T/F
Very few gram positive bacteria utilize the Entner-Doudoroff glycolytic pathway.

answer

True

question

T/F
Some aerobic bacteria lack the Entner-Doudoroff and Embden-Meyerhoff pathways and instead use the pentose phosphate pathway for glycolysis.

answer

False

question

T/F
An organism may use glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway simultaneously.

answer

True

question

The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized anaerobically via the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway in prokaryotes is ?A. 2. ?B. 36. ?C. 38. ?D. 85.

answer

A. 2.

question

The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized to pyruvate using Entner-Doudoroff pathway is ?A. 4. ?B. 2. ?C. 1. ?D. 0.

answer

C. 1.

question

The pentose phosphate pathway produces A. CO2. ?B. NADPH. ?C. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. ?D. all of the choices.

answer

D. all of the choices.

question

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi, when coupled with an exergonic chemical reaction is called __________ phosphorylation. A. chemiosmotic ?B. oxidative ?C. substrate-level D. conformational change

answer

C. substrate-level

question

The most common pathway for conversion of glucose to pyruvate is A. Entner-Doudoroff. ?B. Pentose phosphate. C. Embden-Meyerhoff. ?D. mixed acid fermentation.

answer

C. Embden-Meyerhoff.

question

The TCA cycle generates all of the following from each acetyl-CoA molecule oxidized except A. three NADH molecules. ?B. two CO2 molecules. ?C. one FADH2 molecule. ?D. two ATP or GTP molecules.

answer

D. two ATP or GTP molecules.

question

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex oxidizes and cleaves pyruvate to form one CO2 and A. lactate. ?B. isocitric acid. ?C. acetyl-CoA. ?D. succinyl-CoA.

answer

C. acetyl-CoA.

question

After glycolysis, pyruvate is oxidized to one CO2 and the two-carbon molecule acetyl-CoA by a multienzyme system called the ________ ________ complex.

answer

pyruvate dehydrogenase

question

TCA cycle enzymes are found in the _____________ _________ of eukaryotic cells.

answer

mitochondrial matrix

question

In the TCA cycle, two carbons are removed from citric acid in the form of __________, thereby regenerating oxaloacetate to complete the cycle.
?A. acetyl-CoA?B. ethanol?C. carbon dioxide?D. methanol

answer

C. carbon dioxide

question

In the TCA cycle, two carbons in the form of __________ are added to oxaloacetate at the start of the cycle.
?A. acetyl-CoA?B. ethanol?C. carbon dioxide?D. methanol

answer

A. acetyl-CoA

question

The major function(s) of the TCA cycle is(are) A. energy production. ?B. provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components. ?C. electron transport. ?D. energy production and provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components.

answer

D. energy production and provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components.

question

When mitochondria pass electrons donated by NADH through the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen, a theoretical maximum of __________ molecules of ATP can be made per oxygen molecule reduced.

answer

three

question

The hypothesis that proton motive force drives ATP synthesis is called the __________ hypothesis.

answer

chemiosmotic

question

The most commonly accepted hypothesis for the production of ATP that results from electron transport system is called the __________ hypothesis.

answer

chemiosmotic

question

Bacterial electron transport chains may be comprised of fewer components and have lower P/O ratios than mitochondrial transport chains.

answer

TRUE

question

The electron transport systems in eukaryotes and prokaryotes use different electron carriers.

answer

TRUE

question

In addition to being used in the making of ATP, proton motive force is used directly to power the rotation of bacterial flagella.

answer

TRUE

question

Differences between mitochondrial and E. coli electron transport chains include the following: A. The E. coli chain contains a different array of cytochromes. ?B. The fundamental principles on which they operate are different.
?C. Higher P/O values are observed in E. coli. D. The electron transport change does not involve membranes in E. coli.

answer

A. The E. coli chain contains a different array of cytochromes.

question

Which of the following is NOT true regarding ATP synthases? ?A. They require proton motive force to make ATP. ?B. They span the inner membrane of mitochondria. ?C. The proton flow is outward during ATP synthesis. ?D. The subunits of ATP synthase undergo conformational changes during ATP production.

answer

C. The proton flow is outward during ATP synthesis.

question

The theoretical maximum net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized aerobically in eukaryotes is
?A. 2. ?B. 32. ?C. 38. ?D. 85.

answer

B. 32.

question

Production of ATP using the energy liberated when electrons from reduced chemical bonds are passed through the electron transport system is generally referred to as __________. A. chemiosmotic ?B. respiration ?C. substrate-level ?D. conformational change

answer

B. respiration

question

Mitochondrial electron transport takes place
?A. on the outer mitochondrial membrane.B. on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
?C. in the fluid matrix of the mitochondria.D. on the outer mitochondrial membrane and on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

answer

B. on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

question

In higher eukaryotes, most aerobically generated ATP is produced by
?A. glycolysis. B. the TCA cycle. C. a membrane bound proton translocating ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation.
?D. all of these generate equal amounts of ATP.

answer

C. a membrane bound proton translocating ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation.

question

The number of ATP molecules generated per atom of oxygen that is reduced when electrons are passed from NADH or reduced FAD (FADH) to O2 is called the
?A. utilization ratio. B. energy yield. C. P/O ratio. D. phosphorylation coefficient.

answer

C. P/O ratio.

question

In aerobic conditions, it takes __________ sugar to produce the same amount of ATP when compared to anaerobic conditions. A. moreB. lessC. the same amount of

answer

B. less

question

Prokaryotes may use several different terminal oxidases for the electron transport system.

answer

TRUE

question

Reduction of nitrate to nitrite by Paracoccus denitrificans is an example of anaerobic respiration.

answer

TRUE

question

When cells of a facultative anaerobe such as Paracoccus denitrificans are growing under anaerobic conditions and using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor, ______________ nitrate reduction is occurring.

answer

dissimilatory

question

Which of the following can be used as electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration? A. nitrateB. sulfate
?C. carbon dioxideD. all of the choices

answer

D. all of the choices

question

Organisms that form lactate, ethanol, and CO2 as end products of glucose metabolism are called __________ fermenters.

answer

heterolactic

question

Fermentation involves the use of pyruvate and/or other organic molecules as electron acceptors.

answer

TRUE

question

In the process of fermentation an organic substrate, such as glucose, is reduced and an intermediate of the pathway, such as pyruvate, is oxidized.

answer

FALSE

question

Organisms that directly reduce almost all of their pyruvate to lactate are called __________ fermenters.

answer

homolactic

question

Oxygen is always required for the regeneration of NAD from NADH.

answer

FALSE

question

Large external polysaccharides are degraded by bacteria and archaea using ________ ________, which secrete these substances outside the cell.

answer

hydrolytic enzymes

question

Disaccharides and polysaccharides can be processed as nutrients after first being cleaved to monosaccharides by either __________ or __________.

answer

hydrolysis; phosphorolysis

question

Fatty acids are metabolized by the __________ pathway. A. alpha-oxidation ?B. beta-oxidation ?C. gamma-oxidation ?D. delta-oxidation

answer

B. beta-oxidation

question

During breakdown of fatty acids, carbons are removed __________ at a time with each turn of the cycle, and two carbon units are released as __________. A. one; carbon dioxide ?B. one; methane ?C. two; acetyl-CoA ?D. two; ethanol

answer

C. two; acetyl-CoA

question

Proteins are catabolized by hydrolytic cleavage to amino acids by the action of enzymes called __________.

answer

proteases

question

Amino acids are processed first by the removal of the amino group through A. deamination. ?B. transamination. ?C. phosphorolytic cleavage. ?D. deamination or transamination

answer

D. deamination or transamination

question

Nitrification of ammonia occurs when ammonia is first converted to nitrite and then is converted to nitrate by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

answer

FALSE

question

_______________ is a two-step process that depends on the activity of at least two genera to carry out the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate.

answer

Nitrification

question

Which of the following may be used as sources of energy by chemolithotrophs? A. Hydrogen gas.
?B. Reduced nitrogen compounds.C. Reduced sulfur compounds.D. All of the choices.

answer

D. All of the choices.

question

How many molecules of ATP are needed to reduce one molecule of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate by oxygenic phototrophs during the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
?A. 2 ?B. 3 ?C. 4 ?D. 10-12

answer

B. 3

question

How many molecules of NADPH are needed to reduce one molecule of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate by oxygenic phototrophs during the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
?A. 2 ?B. 3 ?C. 4 ?D. 10-12

answer

A. 2

question

How many quanta of light are needed to reduce one molecule of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate during photosynthesis?
?A. 2 ?B. 3 ?C. 4 ?D. 10-12

answer

D. 10-12

question

Photosynthetic organisms serve as the base for most food chains in the biosphere.

answer

TRUE

question

All eukaryotic photosynthesizers are oxygenic.

answer

TRUE

question

n the process of noncyclic photophosphorylation A. water is split to form oxygen gas. ?B. electrons from water flow through electron transport chains resulting in synthesis of ATP and NADPH. ?C. photosystems I and II are both required. ?D. all of the choices

answer

D. all of the choices

question

In the process of __________, ATP is synthesized when excited electrons from chlorophyll P700 pass through a series of electron carriers then return to chlorophyll P700. A. photosynthesis ?B. cyclic photophosphorylation ?C. acyclic photophosphorylation ?D. noncyclic photophosphorylation

answer

B. cyclic photophosphorylation

question

Photosynthetic electron transport in cyanobacteria takes place ?A. on the plasma membrane. ?B. in the chloroplast. ?C. in the cytoplasm. ?D. on the thylakoid membranes.

answer

D. on the thylakoid membranes.

Microbiology ch11 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards