question

antimicrobial agents (antimicrobials)

answer

Chemotherapeutic agent used to treat microbial infection

question

antibiotics

answer

Antimicrobial agent that is produced naturally by an organism

question

semisynthetic antimicrobials

answer

Antimicrobial that has been chemically altered

question

synthetic drugs

answer

Antimicrobial that has been completely synthesized in a laboratory

question

selective toxcicity

answer

principle by which an effective antimicrobial agent must be toxic to a pathogen than to the pathogens host

question

beta-lactams

answer

antimicrobials whose functional portion is composed of beta-lactam rings, which inhibit peptidoglycan formation by irreversibly binding to the enzymes that cross-link NAM subunits

question

vancomycin

answer

Antimicrobial drug that disrupts formation of Gram-positive bacterial cell walls by interfering with alanine-alanine cross bridges linking N-acetylglucosamine subunits

question

cycloserine

answer

semisynthetic antibiotic used to treat infections with Gram-positive bacteria

question

bacitracin

answer

Antimicrobial that blocks NAG and NAM secretion from the cytoplasm prompting cell lysis

question

isoniazid (INH)

answer

Antimicrobial drug that disrupts formation of arabinogalactan-mycolic acid by mycobacteria

question

ethambutol

answer

Antimicrobial drug that disrupts formation of arabinogalactan-mycolic acid by mycobacteria

question

echinocandins

answer

an antifungal drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis

question

ahminoglycosides

answer

an antimicrobial agent that inhibits protein synthesis by changing the shape of the 30S ribosomal subunit

question

tetracyclines

answer

an antimicrobial agent that inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the tRNA docking site

question

chloramphenicol

answer

Antimicrobial drug that blocks the enzymatic site of the 50S ribosomal subunit inhibiting polypeptide synthesis

question

lincosamides

answer

antimicrobial drugs that bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes preventing ribosomal movement

question

streptogramins

answer

antimicrobial drugs that bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and prevent ribosome movement along messenger RNA

question

macrolides

answer

an antimicrobial agent that inhibits protein synthesis by inhibiting the ribosomal 50S subunits

question

antisense nucleic acids

answer

RNA or single-stranded DNA with a nucleotide sequence complementary to a molecule or mRNA used to control translation or polypeptide

question

oxazolidinones

answer

antibacterial drug that inhibits initiation of polypeptide synthesis in gram-positive bacteria

question

polyenes

answer

group of antimicrobial drugs such as amphotericin B that disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane and damaging its integrity

question

azoles

answer

class of anti fungal drugs that disrupt cytoplasmic membranes

question

allylamines

answer

class of anti fungal drugs that disrupt cytoplasmic membranes

question

sulfonamides

answer

antimetabolic drug that is a structural analog of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)

question

nucleotide analogs

answer

compound structurally similar to a normal nucleotide that can be incorporated into DNA may result in mismatched base pairing

question

nucleoside analogs

answer

chemical with a structure similar to a natural nucleoside

question

spectrum of action

answer

the number of different kinds of pathogens a drug acts against

question

narrow spectrum drugs

answer

antimicrobial that works against only a few kinds if pathogens

question

broad spectrum drugs

answer

antimicrobial that works against many different kinds of pathogens

question

synergism

answer

interplay between drugs that result in efficacy that exceeds the efficacy of either drug alone

question

multiple drug resistant pathogens

answer

lack of sensitivity to three or more antimicrobials by so-called superbugs

question

The following molecules are involved in the biosynthetic pathway that leads to the formation of DNA and RNA; what is their correct sequence in this pathway? a. PABA b. tetrahydrofolic acid c. purine and pyrimidine nucleotides d. dihydrofolic acid

answer

a,d,b,c

question

Which of the following is NOT a beta-lactam antibiotic?

answer

vancomycin

question

Why is the drug actinomycin used only in research applications or in the treatment of cancer?

answer

because it is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

question

Put the following routes of administration in order, from the route that results in the highest concentration of drug in the bloodstream to the route that results in the lowest concentration: a. topical b. intravenous c. oral d. intramuscular

answer

b,d,c,a

question

Which of the following antimicrobial drugs would likely be useful to treat a staphylococcal infection?

answer

erythromycin

question

An antimicrobial disk on a Kirby-Bauer plate that shows no zone of inhibition indicates that the microbe being tested is __________ to the drug.

answer

resistant

question

The scientist Paul Ehrlich was responsible for initiating which of the following subdisciplines of microbiology?

answer

chemotherapy

question

A major component of the bacterial cell wall, which also accounts for its rigidity, is __________.

answer

peptidoglycan

question

Which of the following is a major purpose of the bacterial cell wall?

answer

It protects the cell from osmotic forces.

question

Mycobacteria have unique properties due, in part, to the presence of __________ in their cell walls.

answer

mycolic acids

question

In this chapter you will read about a type of antimicrobial drug called a nucleotide analog. Which of the following types of molecules would you expect to be the target of this drug's action?

answer

DNA

question

The prokaryotic ribosome is made up of which of the following combinations of subunits?

answer

30s and 50s

question

All of the following are mechanisms by which genes can be spread through bacterial populations EXCEPT __________.

answer

transamination

question

A type of enzyme control in which a molecule mimics the three-dimensional shape of the enzyme's substrate and interferes DIRECTLY with the substrate's binding to the active site is called __________.

answer

competitive inhibition

question

The net movement of a chemical from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration due to the concentration gradient is called __________.

answer

diffusion

question

A drug that prevents cells from making proteins might be expected to interfere with the proper functioning of which of the following?

answer

ribosomes

question

RNA polymerase is most important for the success of which of the following processes?

answer

transcription

question

A drug that inhibits the growth of protozoan cells would NOT be expected to affect which of the following cell structures?

answer

the cell wall

question

What happens during bacterial conjugation?

answer

Genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells.

question

__________ are small, circular DNA molecules found in many prokaryotic cells.

answer

plasmids

question

The enzyme reverse transcriptase converts the information in a(n) __________ molecule into the form of a(n) __________ molecule.

answer

rna; cdna

question

Who discovered penicillin?

answer

fleming

question

In which of the following types of solutions would a cell be at risk of bursting?

answer

hypotonic

question

Which of the following is NOT a component of peptidoglycan molecules?

answer

G3P

question

Which of the following types of RNA molecules contains the information necessary for making a protein?

answer

mRNA

question

Metabolic pathways can involve which of the following?

answer

catabolism or anabolism

question

The smallest amount of an antimicrobial drug that will inhibit growth and reproduction of a microbe is expressed as the __________.

answer

minimum inhibitory concentration

question

Which of the following groups of microorganisms is a source of common antibiotics?

answer

bacteria and fungi

question

T/F The oral route of drug administration is best because it is the simplest route.

answer

False

question

A drug that is effective against a small number of pathogens is called a(n) __________ drug.

answer

narrow-spectrum

question

In which of the following categories of antimicrobial drugs are the fewest drugs available?

answer

antiviral

question

T/F A Kirby-Bauer test is used to classify a pathogen as synergistic or resistant to a particular antimicrobial.

answer

False

question

All of the following are mechanisms of action associated with drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis EXCEPT __________.

answer

they dismantle existing peptidoglycan molecules

question

Which of the following cellular structures or molecules is the most SIMILAR in both bacteria and humans?

answer

DNA

question

Some bacteria use antibacterial proteins called __________ to inhibit the growth of other bacterial strains.

answer

bacteriocins

question

Why are some drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria also harmful to humans?

answer

Eukaryotic mitochondria have 70S ribosomes.

question

T/F The Etest combines elements of a diffusion susceptibility test and an MIC test.

answer

True

question

Why are viruses more susceptible to nucleotide analogs than their host cells?

answer

Viruses replicate their nucleic acid more rapidly than host cells do.

question

The use of microorganisms for health benefits is a field of study known as __________.

answer

probiotics

question

Tetracyclines inhibit which of the following?

answer

protein synthesis

question

T/F The lowest concentration of a drug that results in killing of susceptible bacterial cells is the MIC.

answer

False

question

Quinolones target which of the following molecules?

answer

DNA gyrase

question

A(n) __________ is defined as an antimicrobial substance that is produced naturally by an organism.

answer

antibiotic

question

T/F Broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs are more desirable than narrow-spectrum drugs.

answer

False

question

Which of the following does NOT block the formation of folic acid in bacteria?

answer

metronidazole

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