Answers on Microbiology Exam Test Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| gene therapy |
| missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced |
| cell theory |
| all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells |
| parasitology |
| study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
| bacteria |
| mitochondria, cyanobacteria, chloroplasts, proteobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, thermotoga |
| recombinant DNA technology |
| new technique for biotechnology enables bacteria and fungi to produce a vareity of proteins, including vaccines and enyzmes |
| Three domains of Archaea |
| methanogens, extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles |
| chemotherapy |
| treatment with chemicals |
| Redi |
decaying meat experiment opponent of spontaneous generation |
| Koch |
| Proved that bacterium caauses anthrax and provided the experimental steps (Koch's postulate) to prove that a specific microbe, causes a specific disease |
| recombinant DNA |
| DNA made from two different sources |
| molecular biology |
| study of how DNA directs protein synthesis |
| pasteurization |
| the application of high heat for a short time |
| virology |
| study of viruses |
| normal microbiota |
| microbes normally present in and on human body |
| Lister |
preformed surgery under antiseptic conditions proved microbes caused surgical wound infections chemical disinfectant |
| antibiotics |
| chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes |
| Eukarya |
| fungi, animals, amobae, slime molds, climates, plants, green algae, dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglenozoa, and giradia. |
| spontaneous generation |
| hyphothesis that all living organisms arise from non living matter, a vital force forms life |
| Pasteur |
demonstrated microorganisms are present in the air s-shaped flask discovered relationship b/w microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs fermentaion demonstrated life did not arise spontaneously from non living matter father of microbiology |
| Erlich |
speculated about a magic bullet that would destroy pathogen w/o harming the host developed synthetic arsenic drug saluarsan to treat syphilis |
| immunology |
| study of immunity |
| fermentation |
| conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine |
| bacteriology |
| study of bacteria |
| emerging inpectios diseases |
New diseases and diseases increasing in inicidence AIDS influenza A virus MRSA West Nile Encephalitis Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy E. coli Ebola hemorrahic fever cryptoridiosis |
| mycology |
| study of fungi |
| biogenesis |
| hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life |
| Fleming |
discovered first antibiotic observed that penecillum fungus made antibiotic, penicillin, that killed s. aureus |
| genomics |
| study of organisms; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms |
| immunity |
| the protection from a vaccination |
| biotechnology |
| use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals is centuries old |
| synthetic drugs |
| chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases |
| resistance |
| ability of body to ward off diseases |
| microbial genetics |
| study of how microbes inherit traits |
| Darkfield illumination |
light objects are visible against a dark background light reflected off the specimen enters the objective lens |
| refractive index |
| measure of light bending ability of a medium |
| Units of measurement |
1Â um=10-6 m=10-3Â mm 1 nm=10-9 m=10-6 mm 1000 nm=1 um 0.001 um=1nm |
| scanning tunneling microscope (STM) |
| Uses metal probe to scan speciman |
| simple stain |
| uses single basic dye |
| mordant |
| used to hold stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it |
| gram positive |
| tend to be killed by penicillin and deleogants |
| gram negative stain |
move resistant to antibiotics have peptidoglycan and protein layer |
| acid-fast stain |
stained waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-alcohol mycobaterium  |
| staining |
| coloring the microbe with a dye that emphasizes certain structures |
| smear |
thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide usually fixed to attach microbes to slide and to kill microbes |
| basic dye |
| the chromophone is a cation |
| acidic dye |
| the chromophone is an anion |
| negative staining |
| staining background instead of cells |
| Brightfield illumination |
dark objects visible against a bright background light reflected off the specimen does not enter the objective lens |
| resolution |
| ability of lens to distinguish two points |
| electron microscopy |
uses electrons instead of light the shorter wavelength of electron gives greater resolution |
| differential interference contrast microscopy |
| accentuates diffraction of the light that presses through a specimen; uses two beams of light |
| atomic force mircroscopy (AFM) |
uses a metal-and-diamond probe inserted into the specimen produces three-dimensional images |
| Immersion oil |
| used to keep light from bending |
| compound light microscope |
image from objective lens is magnified agin by the ocular lens total magnification=objectivex ocular shorter wavelengths of light provide greater resolutions |
| fluorescence microscopy |
uses UV light fluorescent substance absorb UV light and emit visible light cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes (fluorochromes) |
| Phase-contrast microscopy |
| accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen |
| confocal microscopy |
cells are stained with fluorochrome dyes short wavelength (blue) light is used to excite the dyes the light illuminates each plane in a speciment to produce a three-dimensional image up to 100 um deep |
| two-photon microscopy |
cells are stained with fluorochrome dyes two photons of long wavelength (red) lgith are used to excite the dyes used to study cells attached to a surface up to 1mm deep |
| Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) |
measures sound waves are reflected back from an object used to study cells attached to a surface resolution 1um |
| Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) |
ultrathin sections of specimens light passes through specimen, then an electromagnetic lens, to a screen or film speciments may be stained with heavy metal salts 10,000-100,000x resolution 2.5 nm |
| Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) |
an electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scans surface of a whole specimen secondary electrons emmited from the specimen produce the image |
