Microbiology 1 Test Questions – Flashcards
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| Role of Capsule |
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| Organized structured layer that protects the pathogenecity of the cell. Capsules help pathogens escape phagocytosis. Ex: Streptococcus Pneumonia |
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| Role of Slim Layer |
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| Non-organized non-structured viscous gelatonous polymer that helps in attachment of pathogen. Ex: streptococcus mutans (cavities on teeth) |
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| Flagella |
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| a whip-like structure external to the bacterial cell that is responsible for the movement of the cell by propelling it. Made of filaments, a Hook and Basal Bodies |
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| Flagella Filaments |
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| Globular proteins called Flagellin |
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| Flagella Hook |
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| Wide structure composed of different proteins anchored to the cell wall and plasma membrane by the Basal Body |
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| Flagella Basal Bodies |
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| Disks that anchor the hook |
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| Axial Filaments |
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| Appendages called Filamentous Fibrilis that wrap themselves around the bacteria and give it a cock-screw like motion |
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| Fimbria and Pili |
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| Shorter, thinner, straighter hair-like structures than Flagella present all over the cell made of a protein called Pillin. Some bacteria have sex pilli which are responsible for DNA transfer from one cell to the other. |
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| Bacterial Cell Wall |
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| Macronetwork complex of Peptidoglycans forming a lettuce Formed of alternating units of disaccharides (N-Acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid) connected by peptide bonds. |
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| Peptidoglycans |
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| Peptido = peptide glycans = polysaccharides Due to the alternating polysaccharides and the peptide bonds that connect them due to the alternating polysaccharides and pepeti |
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| Function of Cell Wall |
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| To protect the cell from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell increases. Gives shape and rigidity to the cell |
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| Peptidoglycan structure in Gram + bacteria |
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| a carbohydrate backbone made of alternative polysaccharides of NAG and NAM linked together by tetrapeptide side chains and peptide cross bridges |
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| Peptidoglycan structure in gram -ve bacteria |
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| Complex structure. The Peptidoglycan and periplasmic space are sandwhiched in between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane. The peptidoglycan and outer membrane form the cell wall. The outer membrane is formed of a phospholipid bilayer. The outer membrane has lipopolysaccharides on its surface, mainly O polysaccharide and Lipid A (endotoxin) |
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| Cross Bridge Peptide and Tetrapeptide side chain |
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| two types of peptides that link 50-60 units of alternating NAM and NAC together to form the carbohydrate backbone of the cell wall |
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| Gram Positive Bacterial Cell Wall |
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| Contain many layers of peptidoglycan and Teichoic acid |
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| Teichoic Acid |
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| Negatively charged phosphtate groups in gram positive bacteria that has two functions 1) Regulating the movement of rations inside and outside the cell 2) contain the antigenic specificity of the organism |
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| Gram Negative Bacteria Cell Wall |
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| Formed of peptidoglycan and outer membrane |
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| Outer Membrane of Gram Negative Bacteria |
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| Consists of phospholipids and lipoproteins and porin proteins Porin proteins act as a channel for material like amino acids and vitamins Lipopolysaccharides are the O Polysaccharides (contain the antigenic specificity) and Lipid A (endotoxin that causes fever upon infection) |
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| Which is stronger? gram -ve or +ve? |
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| Gram +ve is rigid and has many layers of peptidoglycans so its stronger than the gram negative which is very fragile. |
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| Periplasmic Space |
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| Space between the plasma membrane and outer membrane that contains all enzymes needed to break down nutrient material and generate ATP. |
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| Describe the Plasma Membrane |
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| Phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophillic phosphorous polar head and hydrophobic lipid content. Proteins in the bilayer allow selective permeability. The Proteins and phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane give it a fluid-like mosaic structure. |
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| Function of the Plasma Membrane |
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| Selective permeability and degredative enzymes that degrade nutrients. Also protects prokaryote by stopping certain antibodies from entering. |
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| Bacterial Cytoplasm |
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| Viscous semi-transparent material that contains 80% water and enzumes, sugars and inorganic material. Remember that bacteria dont have any membrane bound organelles. |
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| Bacterial Nucleod Region |
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| One circular DNA chromosome not associated with Histone proteins. It contains all necessary info for organisms to replicate |
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| Bacterial plasmid |
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| A short piece of DNA that consists of a few genes and replicates on its own. It plays a role in antibiotic resistance and toxiginicity of the bacteria. |
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| Ribozomes |
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| Is 70S molecular weight and made of two subunits, one 30 S and one 40 S. Its function is in protein translation. Some antibiotics work on 30S, 40S or 70S ribozome to inhibit bacteria by stopping the translation of mRNA leading to bacterial death. |
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| Viral and Bacterial destruction |
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| Medicating a viral attack is harder than a bacterial attack since in a viral infection need to destroy living cell while in bacterial infection need to destroy the bacteria. |
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| Sporulation |
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| process of endospore formation |
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| Endospore |
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| Formed inside bacteria and released, can survive heating process of food preperation and some disinfectants because of its many membranes. Mainly occurs in gram positive bacteria (Clustridium Botulinum, very potent exotoxin) and some gram negative (coxiella burnetii) |
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| S= |
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| svdberg unit, relative sedimentation rate of the unit at ultrahigh speed centrifugation |
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| 30S Ribozome subunit |
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| Subunit is made up of a protein + 1 molecule of rRNA (Ribozomal RNA) |
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| 40S Ribozome Subunit |
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| Subunit is made up of a protein + 2 molecules of rRNA |
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| Bacterial inclusions |
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| reserve deposits in cells |
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| Metachromatic granules |
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| Inclusions: inorganic phosphates for ATP synthesis. Seen as red using Methylene Blue stain |
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| Polysaccharide granules (sugars) |
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| Inclusions: starch and glycogen, use iodine stain to see |
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| Sulfur granules |
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| Inclusions: needed for metabolism in some bacteria |
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| Carboxysomes |
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| Inclusions: areas inside cell which contain enzyme ribulose-1,5-disphosphate carboxylase. Needed if cell uses carbon monoxide as energy source. |
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| Gas vacuoles |
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| Area inside cell that maintains buoyancy and keeps the organism floating at a certain depth where theres enough light and nutrients for growth. Mainly for aquatic bacteria. |
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| Spores |
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| some bacteria form spores, highly durable (can last thousands of years) dehydrated (no water) cells. Also known as resting cells. Sporulation occurs if a nutrient is missing, the bacteria revives if the nutrient is available. |
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| Eukaryotic flagella and celia |
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| Short hairlike structures. if many, flagella, if few, celia. Gives the cell its wavelike movement |
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| Eukaryotic cell wall |
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| Mainly sugars, not made of peptidoglycans. - Algae: cellulose cell wall - Fungi: cell wall n-acetylglucosamine (NAG) known as chitin - Yeast: mannan (sugar) |
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| Eukaryotic Cell membrane |
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| Its structure and function is similar to eukaryotes. Process of endocytosis (phagocytosis for solids and pinocytosis for liquid) and selective permeability |
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| Eukaryotic Cytoplasm |
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| Complex structure of rods (microtubules) or cylinders (microfilaments) responsible for transport of material inside the cell, cytoplasmic streaming. |
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| Euakryotic Nucleus |
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| Nuclear envelope is made of double layer and holes. Contains 1 or 2 nuceleoli to synthesize rRNA. |
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| Eukaryotic DNA |
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| DNA associated with histones and other proteins. If cell is in a resting phase, the DNA and protein are condensed chromatin. If cell is dividing they are uncondensed chromosomes. |
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| Eukaryotic Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Flattened sacks known as 'cisternae' whose function is lipid synthesis. Consists of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER, many ribosomes) and the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER, no ribosomes) |
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| Eukaryotic Golgi Apparatus |
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| stack of dishes which receive lipids and proteins, sort them out and excrete them through vesicles |
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| Eukaryotic Mitochondria |
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| Equivalent to chloroplast in plant cell, it is the energy house of the cell. Check figure. It has its own DNA which replicates from cell DNA without affecting the cell |
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| Eukaryotic Lysosomes |
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| Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, powerful digestive enzymes. Only membrane bound organelle that has a single membrane and not a double membrane. |
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| Eukaryotic vacuoles |
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| In plant cells, vacuoles takes up 90% of cell space. It is the dumping place for waste products and water storage. |
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| Eukaryotic Centrioles |
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| Next to nucleus, pair of short axies perpendicular to long axis. Function in mitosis and meiosis and a role in synthesis of flagella and celia. |
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| Metabolism |
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| The sum of all chemical reactions taking place within an organism |
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| Metabolic Chemical Reaction |
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| Catabolic chemical reaction: release energy, degredative, due to breakage of the organic bonds Anabolic reaction: Acquire energy, biosynthetic, building organic bonds |
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| Mechanism of ATP use in Metabolic reactions |
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| Coupling of energy release and energy usage using ATP to build and degrade organic compounds. Release energy: ATP --> ADP + :P + Energy Consume Energy: ADP + :P + Energy --> ATP |
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| Role of Enzymes |
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| All metabolic reactions can only take place in the presence of enzymes. Catalysts speed up the reaction without themselves being changed. They are specific and mainly consist of proteins. |
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| Describe Enzymes |
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| Consist of a protein part (epoprotein or epoenzyme) and Non protein part (metallic ion or complex inorganic molecule) |
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| NAD+ |
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| Nicotineamide Adenine Dinucleotide. Has an important role in catabolic reactions |
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| NADP |
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| Nicotineamide Adenine Diphosphate. Important role in anabolic reactions. |
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| NAD+ and NADP are |
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| derivatives of nicotine acid or vitamin B. Both function as electron carriers. |
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| Carbohydrate Catabolism |
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| Energy releasing pathway (catabolic reaction)that most microorganisms use to oxidize carbohydrates as their main source of energy. |
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| Respiration |
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| Energy releasing pathway that uses glucose to produce ATP. When balanced, theoretically releases 38 ATP |
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| 3 classes of molecules that are involved as electron carriers in respiration |
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| Flaviproteins and Flavin (derivatives of B12) Cytochrome (protein and iron binding for heme molecules) Coenzyme Q though not a protein carrier |
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| Alternative Pathway |
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| Catabolic reaction that is needed for catabolism of 5 carbon sugars needed in synthesis of NADP. Involves the Pentose Phosphase Shunt. gram -ve bacteria use the Duodordoff pathway |
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| Fermentation |
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| A biological pathway that doesnt need oxygen to occur but can occur in its presence. The endpoint can be any other molecule, differs with different species. Number of ATP produced is much less in fermentation than in respiration. . The first step in fermentation is glycolysis, which yields Pyruvic acid. |
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| Lipases |
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| Extracellular enzymes produced by microbes that split lipids into other compounds |
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| Lipids in metabolic reactions |
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| lipids are made of glycerol and fatty acids. When they are split, they go into Krebs cycle which is involved in the oxidation of glycerol and fatty acids |
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| Proteases and Peptidases |
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| Extracellular compounds produced by microbes that split proteins into components (amino acids) |
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| Proteins in metabolic reactions |
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| After broken down into amino acids, amino groups undergo deamination where ammonium ions (NH4+) are excreted outside the cell and what remains goes into the kreb cycle |
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| Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates |
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| Carbon atoms which are needed for the synthesis of glucose come from intermediates of glycolysis and krebs cycle |
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| Metabollic pathways of energy use |
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| anabolic or biosynthetic reactions |
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| Glucose to Pyruvic Acid |
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| Glucose --> Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate --> Glucose 6 Phosphate ---> Fructose 6 Phosphate --> Pyruvic acid |
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| Glucose 6 Phosphate in anabolic reactions |
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| In bacterial cell, Adenosine Diphosphate Glucase (ADPG) synthesizes several units of this compound to form glycogen. This is a form of dehydration synthesis that requires ATP |
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| Fructose 6 Phosphate in Anabolic reactions |
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| UDPNA (Uridine Diphosphate Nacetyl Acid) synthesizes severl subunits using UTP to produce peptidoglycan (Bacteria) |
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| Lipid biosynthesis |
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| anabolic reaction for the formation of lipids, usually uses precursors of glycolysis |
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| Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate in lipid biosynthesis |
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| Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate become dihydroxyacetone phosphate which becomes glycerol and that combines with fatty acids (from pyruvic acid) to form lipids. Requires energy but not necessarily ATP. |
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| Biosynthesis of Protein |
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| Some microbes have enzymes necessary to break certain precursors to form the amino acids required (Like E Coli). Microbes that dont have these enzymes cant break down amino acids. |
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| Amination |
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| Addition of an amino group to organic acids |
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| trans-amination |
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| Amino group added from another amino acid |
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| Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids |
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| RNA and DNA are made up of nucleotides, purines and pyramidines (the C and N atoms come from amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartate) and pentose (sugar) and phosphorous group (from ATP) |
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| Amphoteric Pathway |
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| Whenever a pathway has a dual function in catabolism and anabolism |
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| Generation time |
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| time to double the number of bacteria in a culture |
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| Binary Fission |
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| an inward dip in plasma membrane and cell wall 1- Elongation of cell and replication of DNA 2- The cell wall and plasma membrane move inward to region where DNA was replicated 3- Complete separation of DNA and cell wall 4- 2 daughter cells are identical to the mother |
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| Budding |
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| Some bacteria replicate by budding, which is a small outgrowth on one side of the cell which keeps it growing till the outgrowth is identical to the mother cell. Cell wall and plasma membrane expand. |
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| Spore Formation |
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| some bacteria, particularly filamentous bacteria, make spores at the end of or underneath the filament (spore chain). These spores grow up to form new bacteria. |
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| Ways of bacterial reproduction |
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| -Binary Fission -Budding -Spore Formation |
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| REMINDER |
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| study eam question on page 2 of notes OCT30 |
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| Stages of Bacterial Growth |
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| 1) the Lag Phase 2) Log Phase 3) Stationary Phase 4) Death Phase or Decline |
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| Lag Face |
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| First stage of bacterial growth: From 1 hr to 3 hr, the number of bacteria stay the same. Bacteria is undergoing intensive metabollic activities particularly synthesizing DNA and enzymes |
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| Log phase |
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| Second phase of bacterial growth, T=4.5 hrs, number of bacteria start to increase |
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| Constant Phase |
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| Number of bacteria become constant, stage of equilibrium where number of dividing cells equals the number of dying cells. |
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| Death Phase |
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| Toxic waste excreted from dying cells, pH becomes very acidic and very few bacteria grow in an acidic medium |
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| Chemical Requirements for Bacterial Growth |
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| Water, oxygen, carbon, minerals (sulfer, phosphorous), organic growth factors, and trace elements |
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| Physical requirements for Bacterial Growth |
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| Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure |
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| Affect of Temperature and Bacterial Growth |
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| - -10o --> 10/20o => cold loving bacteria or Psychrophiles - 20o --> 40-50o => Moderate, mesophiles - 50o --> 70o => heat loving bacteria, theriophiles - 70o --> 100-120o Hypothermophiles/volcanic activities, hot springs. these bacteria usually need sulfur for metabolism. Best temperature is body temperature, 37oC |
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| Effect of pH on Bacterial Growth |
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| Optimal pH is 6.5-7.5 in the neutrality zone, plus phosphate buffers to maintain pH. |
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| Acidophilic Bacteria |
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| grow at a very low pH in stomach, pH=2, enterobacteria in coal mines, pH=1 |
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| Effect of Osmotic Pressure on Bacterial Growth |
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| Plasmolysis occurs when concentration of solutes outside the cell is more than enside, so water leaves the cell to the environment causing cell shrinkage. |
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| Important Chemicals for Bacterial Growth |
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| - Water -CO2 needed as a source of Carbon for the carbon backbone - Ammonium ion needed as a source of nitrogen for protein synthesis and amino acid source - Sulfate, some bacteria need sulfur - Phosphorous needed for ATP, phospholipids, purines and pyrmadines from Phosphate ion |
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| importance of Trace Elements in Bacterial Growth |
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| trace elements Zn, Fe, Cu and Mg mainly work as cofactors. |
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| Organic Growth Factors |
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| - Trigger growth of the cell, provided from environment, - used in synthesis of vitamins and some amino acids. |
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| Strict Anaerobic Bacteria |
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| Don't need oxygen at all to grow and will die in the presence of oxygen |
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| Aerotolerant bacteria |
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| Mainly grow at bottom, in the absence of oxygen, but can be found on the surface |
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| Facultative Bacteria |
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| Can grow in the presence or absence of Oxygen, though they prefer O2. if its not available, they can use other. |
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| Microaerophillic Bacteria |
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| Need O2 but less concentration than aerophillic so usually found in the middle |
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| Culture Media |
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| Nutrient material used for the growth of microbes in the lab |
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| Agar |
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| A nutrient material (extracted from seaweed) that acts as a solidifying agent for the growth of bacteria |
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| Advantages of using Agar: |
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| 1) Very few bacteria degrade Agar 2) Becomes solid at 40o and remains solid at 100o 3) When poured on innoculum, doesnt hurt or kill bacteria |
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| Chemical Media |
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| Well-defined chemicals that only need hydration (addition of water). The media provides a source of energy and all required nutrients for bacterial growth |
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| Complex Media |
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| Made up of yeast extract, meat extract, peptones (short chains of amino acids) and provides a source of energy and nutrients. |
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| Selective Media |
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| Suppress growth of certain bacteria and allow for the growth of needed bacteria Bismuth Sulfate in media will suppress gram +ve and only allow gram -ve interic bacteria Sabouroid Dextrose allows only the growth of fungi at pH 5.6 |
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| Differential Media |
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| Differentiates between closely related bacteria and allows bacteria to grow but allows you to differentiate between them. Bloos Agar allows the growth of all streptococcus but differentiates between Strep. Pyogenes from others since only this bacteria hemolysis the blood |
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| Selective and Differential Media |
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| Selects growth of certain microorganisms and also differentiates between others MacConkey suppresses the growth of gram +ve and allows gram -ve to grow + bile and crystal violent --> only allows the growth of enteric gram -ve + Lactose If bacteria ferments lactose --> pink color If bacteria doesn't ferment lactose --> colorless colony |
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| Enrichment Media |
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| Used when the desired microorganism is present in small numbers. Selective and increases the number of microorganisms every time they are subcultured in a solution media. |
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| Reducing Media |
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| Made for Anaerobic bacteria. Uses Sodium Thioglycolate which reacts with oxygen and removes it from the media. Provides an anaerobic atemosphere for the growth of anaerobic bacteria |
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| Characteristics of a Culture Media |
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| - Right nutrient and right amount of nutrient - Sufficient moisture - Provide sufficient O2 is aerobic growth is required - Properly adjusted pH - STERILE |
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| Deep Freeze Bacteria Culture |
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| Suspend pure bacteria in culture in suitable media. Freeze quickly at -50o-->-90o and the bacteria can survive for years while frozen. Thaw the specimen and culture it again-->bacterial growth |
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| Lyophilization |
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| Freeze dry the bacteria and freeze it at -70o, then vaccuum out air and water through a special pump and seal it with high temperature. This powderizes the culture so it can survive for many years and be recultured. |
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| Preservation of Viruses |
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| Liquid Nitrogen |
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| Sterilization |
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| Destruction of all forms of life including endospores. Best method is using heat. |
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| Disinfection |
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| The destrcution of the vegetative pathogens (all the bacteria except endospores) using a disinfecting agent |
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| Antisepsis |
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| When the killing of vegetative pathogens is applied to living tissues using an antiseptic agent. |
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| Degerming |
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| Mechanical removal of germs from an area using an alcohol swab |
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| Sanitization |
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| Reducing the number of organisms to minimize infection using sanitizing agent. |
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| Requirements of effective microbial treatment |
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| - Degree of contamination - Time of exposure - Type of microorganism - Environmental factors: pH, temperature, presence of organic matter |
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| Heat as a method of control of Bacterial Growth |
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| Dry Heat (open flame) and Moist Heat (Autoclave) |
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| Moist Heat |
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| Boiling for 10 minutes is enough to kill most microbes but not endospores. As the pressure increases the temperature the microbes are exposed to increases. |
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| Autoclave |
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| Sterilizes using pressurized steam, especially used on surgical equipments and when theres an AIDS patient |
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| Pasterization |
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| Different degrees of heat to sterilize Classic 63o for 30 mins HTST (High Temp Short Time) 72o for 15 mins Ultra High 100o for 1 minute |
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| Thermal Death Time |
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| Length of time to kill all microbes using dry heat |
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| Thermal Death Point |
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| The temperature at which all bacteria are killed within 10 minutes |
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| Low Temperature in Bacterial Growth |
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| Doesnt kill but inhibits growth of microbes |
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| HEPA - High Efficiency Particulate Air |
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| Machine used in hospitals to filter out bacteria and viruses depending on the filter used, especially for patients in isolation unit. |
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| Plasmolysis as a Growth Control |
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| Injcrease of salt in a solution with bacteria causes plasmolysis and cell shrinkage but not death |
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| Dessication to control bacterial growth |
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| Remove water to control growth of bacteria |
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| Radiation to control bacterial growth |
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| Very effective way of killing bacteria using Xray, gamma waves or UV light |
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| Chemical means to control growth of bacteria |
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| Ethylene Oxide is a penetrating chemical mainly used on AIDS patients |
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