Microbio – PostMidterm B SGU 2013 – Flashcards
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| 3 organ systems which are closed and sterile ? |
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| B C C Bones and Joints Circulatory CNS |
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| Define encephalitis |
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| Infection of brain parenchyma |
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| Define empyema |
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| Epidural or subepidural abscess (diffuse margin) |
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| Most common route of entry for CNS infection causing organisms ? |
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| Hematogenous (imp for abscesses) |
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| Staph Aureus usually causes CNS infections how ? |
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| Direct inoculation via trauma or injury |
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| Exs of CNS infection via direct extension ? |
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| Infections of teeth, middle ear or mastoids or sinuses |
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| Chronic CNS infectious usually due to what organisms ? |
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| Fungi or tubercle bacilli |
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| Symptoms of meningitis ? |
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| Fever Headache **Nuchal rigidity** Nausea and vomiting Photophobia |
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| 3 specific signs (tests) of Meningism ? |
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| Tripod Sign - Inability to sit w/o making a tripod with hands Kernig Sign - Pt's leg cannot be straightened b/c of hamstring spasm Brudzinski's Neck Sign - pt. retracts the leg when neck is lifted |
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| Know how to differentiate types of meningitis, viral encephalitis, and brain abscess with CSF levels |
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| Know table for causes of aseptic meningitis |
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| Viruses use what two pathways to enter CNS ? |
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| 1) Hematogenous (most common) 2) Neural via olfactory nerve - HHV 1 and 2 intra-axonal through neuron route - Rabies |
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| Most viral meningitis is due to what ? |
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| Enteroviruses |
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| What viruses are ss (+) RNA, transfecting viruses, resistant to pH 3-9 detergents heat, and cytolytic ? |
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| Enteroviruses |
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| Polioviruses spread how ? |
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| Via fecal-oral route |
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| How to diagnose poliovirus and symptoms ? |
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| Diagnosis: by virus isolation from feces and oropharynx, and by specific serum antibodies Symptoms common to meningeal irritation followed by weakness in one or more extremities Acute flaccid paralysis - due to infection of anterior horn of grey matter |
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| The inactivated killed Salk polio vaccine is taken into body how ? |
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| Injected intramuscularly local antibody not produced....will have circulatory IgM and IgG antibodies ??? |
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| Causes of **septic** meningits ? |
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| All due to bacteria Is **age** dependent Birth to 3 months - Strep Agalactiae 3 months to 5 years - Strep Pneumoniae Any age (cranial surgey) - Staph Aureus Any age (immunocompromised) - L. monocytogenes or P. aeruoginosa |
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| 3 types of bacteria that account for most cases of bacterial meningitis have what virulence factors in common ? |
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| Capsule and IgA protease |
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| Which bacteria is Gram -, **coffee bean shaped**, exclusively human pathogen, tranmits via droplet inhalation, more than 1/3 of cases occur in first five years of life, and its **rash is detectable by Tumbler test** ? |
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| Neisseria Meningitidis |
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| How to prevent N. Meningitidis infection ? |
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| Tetravalent vaccine composed of Groups A, C, Y, and W135 (Group B is weakly immunogenic) Protection limited to 3 yrs then give booster Vaccine does not protect from carriage of organism Is poorly immunogenic for kids under 2 yrs of age |
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| Bacteria that is high incidence in cockroach infested areas and is C-reactive protein positive ? |
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| Klebsiella Pneumoniae |
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| Which bacteria uses these molecules for pathogenesis: Internalin A and B - cell attachment Hemolysins - pore-forming toxin Listeriolysin O - helps in movt within cell 2 Phospholypase Cs - breaks cell membrane ActA - uses host cell actin to move to new cells |
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| Listeria Monocytogenes (Gram + aerobic, non-spore forming, motile, rods) |
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| Gummas, frank psychoses, and shuffling gait ("tabes dorsalis") is found with what bacteria ? |
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| Treponema Pallidum (disease is Syphilis), is a spirochete bacteria |
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| Who is at risk for getting disease that spreads through animal urine contaminated water and food, any body of water is susceptible, is sensitive to acid pH, drying and soap, and has a **bacteremic phase** and **2nd phase** ? |
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| Sewer workers, miners, vets, meat packers Leptospira Interrogans (Gram - spirochete) |
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| What bacteria is seen as classic "bull's eye" rash with also joint pain, and meningeal irritation... has a 2nd and 3rd stage ? |
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| Borrelia Burgodorferi causes Lyme disease |
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| How to diagnose Borrelia Burgdorferi ? |
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| Difficult to culture Loose irregular spirals, silver or immuno-fluorescent stain CDC recommends antibody screen with ELISA |
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| Which organism is associated with Eucalyptus trees and/or seeds, foilage, soil...**not associated with pigeons**, infectes **immunocompetent people**, mainly pulmonary but also can cause meningitis, and causes blindness via optic neuropathy ? |
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| Cryptococcus Gattii (a fungus) |
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| What organism causes amoebic meningitis, and cases reported in Kansas, Virginia, and Florida, and diagnosis is by CSF microscopy ? |
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| Naegleria Fowleri |
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| What bacteria is Taxos A (Bacitracin) resistant ? |
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| Strep. Agalacitae |
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| Bacterial encephalitis can be caused by what 3 organisms ? |
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| B L T Borrelia burgdorferi Legionella pneumophilia Treponema pallidum |
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| What are Arboviruses ? |
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| Viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes and ticks), **cause encephalitis**, and seizures in kids. All are **enveloped viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and contain a transfecting RNA** Major families are Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Picornaviridae. |
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| 3 encephalitises in Togaviridae family ? |
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| V E W VEE - Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis EEE - Eastern Equine Encephalitis WEE - Western Equine Encephalitis |
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| Which encephalitis produces no deaths in humans but 80% mortality in horses ? |
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| VEE |
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| Which encephalitis has high mortality in humans ? |
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| EEE - Eastern Equine Encephalitis |
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| What 3 encephalites belong in Flaviviridae family ? |
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| S J W St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Japanese B Encephalitis Virus (has tremors NOT seizures) West Nile Encephalitis Virus (transmitted by Aedes mosquito, very RARE person to person transmission) |
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| Which virus is a bullet shaped virus, single stranded negative polarity, and has 5 proteins (N P M G and L) ? |
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| Lyssavirus (Rabies) |
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| Which virus family produces non-specific, progressive, and paralytic symptoms ? |
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| Rhabdoviridae |
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| Which disorder shows Negri bodies and Babes nodules consisting of glial cells in the brain tissue ? |
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| Rabies (Lyssavirus) - in Rhabdoviridae family |
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| Prevention and trt for Rabies virus ? |
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| Wash all wounds with soap and water 1 does of immune globulin 4 doses of vaccine on 4 days + 2 boosters on 2 days Note: For previously vaccinated people, do not give the immune globulin |
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| What virus causes hemiparesis, visual loss, seizures, personality changes, gait problems, dementia .... and which matter lesions are common in posterior occipital area of brain ? |
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| Polyoma virus (JC virus) Causes PML (Progressive Multifocal Leuko-Encephalopathy) |
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| What virus spreads through bat feces, urine, saliva, and contaminated fruit juices ? |
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| Nipah virus |
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| What virus causes SSPE (subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis) and causes behavior changes in school age children ? |
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| Rubeola virus (causes measles) |
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| After year 2000, what virus is mostly responsible for myelitis (acute inflammation of spinal cord) ? |
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| West Nile Virus |
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| Do prions have nucleic acid Can prions replicate without provoking antibody or inflammatory response ? |
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| Yes Yes |
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| What two things can destroy prions ? |
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| Autoclaving and bleach |
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| Most common prion human disease ? |
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| CJD (Creutzfeld Jakob Disease) No treatment |
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| How to do diagnosis of bovine variant of CJD (or mad cow disease) ? |
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| Brain biopsy No cells in CSF |
