Microbial Metabolism Flashcard
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| Is the cell an open or closed system? |
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| open |
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| Microbial nutrition |
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| supplying cells with the chemical constituents (nutrients) of monomers |
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| What are the 4 nutrients that the cells eat |
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| macronutrients, micronutrients, essential nutrients, metabolite |
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| what percent of the cell is carbon? |
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| 50 |
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| Heterotroph |
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| carbon from organic carbon sources (eating from building blocks) |
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| Autotroph |
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| carbon from CO2, energy from light or organic molecules |
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| What percent of the cell is nitrogen? |
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| 12 |
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| ammonia |
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| NH3 |
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| nitrate |
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| NO3- |
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| nitrogen |
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| N2 |
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| Nitrogen fixation |
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| fill in card |
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| Where is a large source of oxygen? |
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| water |
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| molecular oxygen is required for what |
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| energetic needs and terminal |
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| Obligate aerobes |
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| require oxygen |
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| Obligate anaerobes |
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| poisoned by O2 |
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| facultative anaerobes |
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| can work either way |
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| What are some other macronutrients? |
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| phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron |
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| Micronutrients |
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| are organic molecules required in small amounts |
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| Vitamins are what? Think physiology |
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| coenzymes! |
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| What are 4 vitamins mentioned in lecture? |
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| thiamine, biotin, pyridoxine, coalbumin |
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| Growth factor requirements: phototroph |
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| derives all carbon requirements from the principle carbon source (glucose) |
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| Growth factor requirements: auxotroph |
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| Requires one or more organic nutrients in addition to the principle carbon source. (can make all required C from media along, need one thing provided) |
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| Catalysis and enzymes control what? |
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| the rate of the reaction |
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| What is activation energy? |
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| amount of energy required to bring all molecules in a chemical reaction to the reactive state |
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| What does a catalyst do? |
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| lowers the activation energy, increases rate of reaction and is unchanged |
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| What is an enzyme (general) |
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| biological catalyst |
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| Exoenzyme |
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| gets sent outside the cell to aid in absorption from the outside |
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| 8 things about enzymes |
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| proteins, catalyze a specific rxn, substrate, enzyme-substrate complex, active site, product, endoenzymes, exoenzymes |
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| What are the two requirements of catalysis? |
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| bind correct substrate, position substrate relative to active site |
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| What is the structure of enzymes? |
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| precise conformation, prosthetic groups, coenzymes |
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| What is a prosthetic group? |
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| a larger group attached to an enzyme |
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| Is the enzyme chemically changed in a reaction? |
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| no |
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| What is one way that the cell generates energy? |
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| oxidation-reduction |
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| what is oxidation? |
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| removal of electrons |
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| what is reduction? |
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| addition of electrons |
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| what is a redox reaction? |
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| e- donor and e- acceptor |
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| in a redox rxn, what e- is the energy source? |
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| the e- donor (oxidation) |
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| What is dehydrogenation |
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| removal of H |
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| What are the intermediates in electron transfers? |
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| electron carriers |
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| What is the primary electron donor? |
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| electron carriers |
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| What is the terminal electron acceptor? |
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| electron carriers |
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| What kind of energy change is there with electron carrieres? |
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| net |
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| What are the three stages of redox rxns? |
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| removal of electrons from primary donor, transfer of electrons through one or a series of electron carriers, and addition of electrons to terminal acceptor |
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| how is energy stored? |
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| as ATP |
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| What type of bonds are present in the storage of electrons? |
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| high energy phosphate bonds |
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| ATP 4 points |
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| - prime energy carrier - two high energy P bonds - formed during exergonic rxns - drives endergonic rxns |
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| Types of Redox: Fermentation--are electron terminals added to aid the process? |
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| No, absence of them |
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| Types of Redox: Fermentation - what is oxidation couples to? |
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| reduction of substrate derived organic compound |
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| Types of Redox: Fermentation, what are the products and what is the net ATP production? |
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| fermentation products, 2 |
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| Types of Redox: Respiration - what is the process |
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| O2, some other oxidant is terminal electron acceptor |
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| Types of Redox: Respiration: what is oxidation coupled to? |
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| reduction of electron acceptor |
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| Types of Redox: Reduction - what does it form and what is the ATP production? |
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| CO2 and 36 (proks) 38 (euks) |
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| respiration and electron transport systems control the transfer of ____ |
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| e- |
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| Respiration and electron transport systems: what is it? |
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| membrane-associated electron carriers |
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| Respiration and electron transport systems: Functions |
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| Accept, transfer electrons and conserve energy |
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| What generates proton motive force? |
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| Respiration and electron transport systems |
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| What is the proton motive force? |
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| electron transport carriers orientated in membrane |
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| What occurs across the membrane of the proton motive force? |
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| separation of protons from electrons |
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| Where are protons transported in proton motive force? |
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| outside of the cell |
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| Where are electrons transported in proton motive force? |
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| through chain to the cell, where they pass to a final acceptor |
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| What does the proton motive force generate? |
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| a pH gradient and an electrochemical potential |
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| What are the two major energy categories of microorganisms? |
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| phototrophs and chemotrophs (chemotrophs break down into chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs) |
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| How do phototrophs get energy? |
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| photosynthesis |
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| How do chemotrophs get energy? |
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| O2 (chemical energy) |
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| Chemotrophs: chemoorgaanotrophs energy requiremetns |
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| organic molecules- carbon, etc |
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| Chemotrophs: chemolithotrophs energy requirement |
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| need inorganic molecules (aid in creating the biosphere) |
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| Carbon: energy/carbon categories - photoautotroph |
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| photosynthesis (fixes CO2) |
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| Carbon: energy/carbon categories - photoheterotroph |
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| light but need preformed organic molecules |
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| Carbon: energy/carbon categories - chemoheterotroph (chemoorganoheterotroph |
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| premade organic molecules and same molecules for building blocks |
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| Carbon: energy/carbon categories - chemoheterotroph (chemoorganoautotroph) |
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| Get carbon from Carbon fixation |
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| Carbon: energy/carbon categories - chemolithoautotroph |
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| *** listen to lecture and fill in |
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