Microbial Metabolism Flashcard

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Metabolism
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all chemical reactions taking place within a cell
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Physiology
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the study of life processes
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Anabolism 2 things
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energy requiring, produces cell components
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Catabolism 2 things
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energy yielding, produces waste products
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Is the cell an open or closed system?
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open
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Microbial nutrition
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supplying cells with the chemical constituents (nutrients) of monomers
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What are the 4 nutrients that the cells eat
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macronutrients, micronutrients, essential nutrients, metabolite
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what percent of the cell is carbon?
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50
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Heterotroph
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carbon from organic carbon sources (eating from building blocks)
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Autotroph
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carbon from CO2, energy from light or organic molecules
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What percent of the cell is nitrogen?
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12
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ammonia
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NH3
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nitrate
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NO3-
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nitrogen
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N2
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Nitrogen fixation
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fill in card
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Where is a large source of oxygen?
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water
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molecular oxygen is required for what
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energetic needs and terminal
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Obligate aerobes
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require oxygen
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Obligate anaerobes
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poisoned by O2
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facultative anaerobes
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can work either way
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What are some other macronutrients?
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phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron
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Micronutrients
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are organic molecules required in small amounts
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Vitamins are what? Think physiology
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coenzymes!
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What are 4 vitamins mentioned in lecture?
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thiamine, biotin, pyridoxine, coalbumin
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Growth factor requirements: phototroph
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derives all carbon requirements from the principle carbon source (glucose)
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Growth factor requirements: auxotroph
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Requires one or more organic nutrients in addition to the principle carbon source. (can make all required C from media along, need one thing provided)
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Catalysis and enzymes control what?
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the rate of the reaction
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What is activation energy?
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amount of energy required to bring all molecules in a chemical reaction to the reactive state
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What does a catalyst do?
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lowers the activation energy, increases rate of reaction and is unchanged
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What is an enzyme (general)
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biological catalyst
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Exoenzyme
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gets sent outside the cell to aid in absorption from the outside
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8 things about enzymes
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proteins, catalyze a specific rxn, substrate, enzyme-substrate complex, active site, product, endoenzymes, exoenzymes
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What are the two requirements of catalysis?
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bind correct substrate, position substrate relative to active site
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What is the structure of enzymes?
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precise conformation, prosthetic groups, coenzymes
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What is a prosthetic group?
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a larger group attached to an enzyme
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Is the enzyme chemically changed in a reaction?
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no
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What is one way that the cell generates energy?
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oxidation-reduction
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what is oxidation?
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removal of electrons
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what is reduction?
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addition of electrons
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what is a redox reaction?
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e- donor and e- acceptor
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in a redox rxn, what e- is the energy source?
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the e- donor (oxidation)
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What is dehydrogenation
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removal of H
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What are the intermediates in electron transfers?
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electron carriers
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What is the primary electron donor?
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electron carriers
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What is the terminal electron acceptor?
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electron carriers
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What kind of energy change is there with electron carrieres?
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net
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What are the three stages of redox rxns?
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removal of electrons from primary donor, transfer of electrons through one or a series of electron carriers, and addition of electrons to terminal acceptor
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how is energy stored?
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as ATP
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What type of bonds are present in the storage of electrons?
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high energy phosphate bonds
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ATP 4 points
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- prime energy carrier
- two high energy P bonds
- formed during exergonic rxns
- drives endergonic rxns
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Types of Redox: Fermentation--are electron terminals added to aid the process?
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No, absence of them
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Types of Redox: Fermentation - what is oxidation couples to?
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reduction of substrate derived organic compound
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Types of Redox: Fermentation, what are the products and what is the net ATP production?
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fermentation products, 2
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Types of Redox: Respiration - what is the process
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O2, some other oxidant is terminal electron acceptor
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Types of Redox: Respiration: what is oxidation coupled to?
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reduction of electron acceptor
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Types of Redox: Reduction - what does it form and what is the ATP production?
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CO2 and 36 (proks) 38 (euks)
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respiration and electron transport systems control the transfer of ____
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e-
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Respiration and electron transport systems: what is it?
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membrane-associated electron carriers
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Respiration and electron transport systems: Functions
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Accept, transfer electrons and conserve energy
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What generates proton motive force?
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Respiration and electron transport systems
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What is the proton motive force?
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electron transport carriers orientated in membrane
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What occurs across the membrane of the proton motive force?
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separation of protons from electrons
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Where are protons transported in proton motive force?
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outside of the cell
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Where are electrons transported in proton motive force?
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through chain to the cell, where they pass to a final acceptor
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What does the proton motive force generate?
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a pH gradient and an electrochemical potential
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What are the two major energy categories of microorganisms?
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phototrophs and chemotrophs (chemotrophs break down into chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs)
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How do phototrophs get energy?
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photosynthesis
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How do chemotrophs get energy?
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O2 (chemical energy)
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Chemotrophs: chemoorgaanotrophs energy requiremetns
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organic molecules- carbon, etc
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Chemotrophs: chemolithotrophs energy requirement
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need inorganic molecules (aid in creating the biosphere)
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Carbon: energy/carbon categories - photoautotroph
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photosynthesis (fixes CO2)
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Carbon: energy/carbon categories - photoheterotroph
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light but need preformed organic molecules
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Carbon: energy/carbon categories - chemoheterotroph (chemoorganoheterotroph
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premade organic molecules and same molecules for building blocks
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Carbon: energy/carbon categories - chemoheterotroph (chemoorganoautotroph)
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Get carbon from Carbon fixation
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Carbon: energy/carbon categories - chemolithoautotroph
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