Microbial Genetics Test Questions – Flashcards
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| Who discovered the structure of DNA? |
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| Watson and Crick |
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| What is the function of DNA? |
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| It stores genetic information for the production of protein. |
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| What is DNA composed of? |
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| Nucleotides |
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| What is a nucleotide composed of? |
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| A nitrogenous base, sugar and a phosphate group. |
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| What are the 4 bases of DNA? |
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| Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine |
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| What is the name of the sugar in DNA? |
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| Deoxyribose |
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| What is the chemical formula for the phosphate base in DNA? |
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| PO4 |
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| Which carbon do the bases attach to? |
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| 1' Prime Carbon |
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| Which carbon does the hydroxyl group attach to? |
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| 3' Prime Carbon |
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| Which carbon does the phosphate group attach to? |
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| 5' Prime Carbon |
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| How are the nucleotides arranged? |
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| Chains/Strands |
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| How are the strands identified? |
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| The ends of each strand are identified by the number of carbons nearest to that end. |
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| What are the bases held together by? |
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| H+/Hydrogen Bonds |
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| Base A pairs with... |
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| base T ALWAYS |
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| Base G pairs with... |
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| base C ALWAYS |
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| DNA is described as _________, ________, ______ _______. |
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| complementary, antiparallel, double helix |
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| What does semi-conservative replication result in? |
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| Two molecules, each one has 1 original strand and 1 new strand |
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| What are the enzymes that semi-conservative replication use? |
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| DNA Helicase and DNA Polymerase III |
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| What does DNA helicase do? |
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| It unwinds the double helix and breaks H bonds between bases. |
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| What does DNA polymerase III do? |
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| It builds new strands. |
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| DNA Polymerase III cannot add nucleotides unless? |
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| One is already present. |
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| What does DNA Polymerase require in order to work? |
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| RNA primer. |
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| What is an RNA primer? |
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| A small section of RNA that initiates DNA replication. |
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| What creates RNA primer? Can it start from scratch? |
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| Primerase. Yeas. |
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| Where can DNA Polymerase III add new nucleotides? |
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| To the 3' end of an already existing chain. |
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| Which direction is DNA built? |
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| From 5' to 3' direction. |
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| Which direction must the enzyme read the original in? |
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| From 3' to 5' direction. |
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| What does DNA Polymerase I do? |
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| Removes and replaces RNA primer(s) with DNA |
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| What does DNA Ligase do? |
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| Joins together DNA fragments. |
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| What is Transcription - Translation? |
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| A process by which information is taken from DNA and used to make proteins. |
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| What is Transcription? |
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| A process by which RNA is created from a DNA template. |
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| How does transcription work? |
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| RNA Polymerase "reads" the template DNA strand and creates a complementary RNA strand. |
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| How does it know when to begin and stop? |
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| RNA polymerase recognizes a promoter and termination regions of the DNA template. |
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| What is translation? |
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| A process by which a polypeptide strand is created from a mRNA template. |
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| What does translation occur? |
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| The ribosomes. |
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| What is the first step of translation? |
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| The ribosome beings reading the mRNA strand until it reaches the START CODON. |
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| What is a codon? What is is the start codon's name? |
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| A three nucleotide sequence that represents one amino acid. AUG. |
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| What is the 2nd step of translation? |
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| The tRNA brings in the appropriate amino acid for the AUG codon. |
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| The next codon is read, and another amino acid comes in forming a _____ ______ with the previous codon. |
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| peptide bond |
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| How long does translation continue? |
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| Until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA. |
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| What is the stop codon? |
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| UAA, UAG, UGA |
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| Once translation stops, what happens? |
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| The new protein is released in the cell for use. |
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| What are two properties of DNA strands? |
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| 1.)They denature at near-boiling temps. 2.)They renature as the strands cool. |
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| What is the restriction endonucleases? |
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| They are capable of recognizing specific sequences and clipping the DNA at that location |
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| What can restriction endonucleases result in? |
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| A clean cut but often a cross cut that causes sticky ends. |
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| What is restriction endonucleases used for? |
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| To splice pieces of DNA into plasmids and chromosomes. |
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| What is the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase used for? |
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| It uses an RNA template to create a strand of DNA. |
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| What does reverse transcriptase help with? |
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| To sequence RNA or examine DNA with the "junk" segments removed. |
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| What is electrophoresis? |
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| It uses and electrical current and a gelatin-like medium to create a visual pattern of DNA fragments. |
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| What are oligonucleotides? |
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| Smaller segments of DNA created for research purposes. |
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| In which type of organism is this helpful? What does it allow? |
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| Most eukaryotic DNA is too large to study as a whole. It allows it to be studied in pieces and then information is consolodated to observe the whole genome. |
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| How can oligonucleotides also be sequenced? How many can it sequence and at what rate? |
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| By use of a sequencer. Can sequence 5-10 million BP segments at 1000bp/day |
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| What is the polymerase chain reaction? |
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| It allows one to create millions of copies of a specific segment of DNA. |
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| With PCR, do you know the segments you're copying in advance? |
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| Yes. |
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| What does PCR require? |
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| 1.)endonucleases 2.)RNA primer 3.)DNA Polymerase III 4.)Thermal cycler |
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| What is recombination? |
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| The transfer of DNA from one organism to another. |
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| What does recombination result in? |
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| A new genetic strain different from the donor and original recipient. |
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| What does recombination normally involve? |
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| Transfer of plasmids. |
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| What must the recipient organism do? |
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| Accept the DNA into its genetic make up, express it, and pass it on to its offspring for transfer to be successful. |
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| What are the 3 mechanisms of natural transfer? |
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| 1.)Conjugation 2.)Transformation 3.)Transduction |
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| What does conjugation involve? What is the process? |
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| A pilus that forms a bridge between 2 organisms and a replicated plasmid is transferred. |
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| Are all bacteria able to produce a pilus? Can that trait be transferred? |
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| No, yes. |
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| Conjugation is ______ ______ to organisms of the _____ ______. |
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| genetically limited/same genus |
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| What is transformation? |
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| A cell picks up a piece of DNA from the environment usually from a lysed cell. |
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| What does transformation allow? |
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| A cell to get genetic material from an entirely different species. |
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| What does transduction involve? |
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| A bacteriophage. |
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| What is the process of transduction? |
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| The phage carries genetic material from its previous host cell into the new host. |
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| What is a artificial introduction of genes? |
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| Transfection. |
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| What is transfection? |
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| A process of artificially introducing genes to organisms. |
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| Can transfected organisms be patented? What type of organism can they be? |
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| Yes. Microbes, plants, or animals. |
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| What does transfected bacteria play a role in? |
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| Agriculture that can act as an insectiside. |
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| What are transfected viruses used for? |
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| To transmit the gene into another organism. |
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| What is a vector? |
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| A microbe or virus that transmits material (wanted/unwanted) into a host organism |
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| When is a transfected virus used? |
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| In gene therapy, experimental vaccines, and pathogenic testing |
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| What are transfected plants used for? |
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| to introduce new characteristics to plants such as herbicide resistance, built-in insecticide, and microbial resistance. |
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| What are transfected animals used for> |
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| 1.)production of human hormones, antibodies or enzymes. 2.)The study of human disorders. 3.)healthier meat products. 4.)replacement tissues and organs 5.)nearly all early research involving human genetic therapy. |
