Micro Test 1 Answers – Flashcards
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| Koch |
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| Robert Koch proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease (germ theory of disease), pure cultures, mycobacterium tuberculosis, vibrio cholerae |
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| Jenner |
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| Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from smallpox |
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| Pasteur |
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| fermentation, disproved spontaneous generation, pasteurization; Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation. Fermentation is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine. Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food. Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid). Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. Pasteurization is the application of a high heat for a short time. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air. Nutrient broth heated, sealed and not sealed, growth and no growth. Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in. |
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| van Leeuwenhoek |
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| Anton van Leeuwenhoek described live microorganisms. |
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| Ehrlich |
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| Paul Erlich speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis |
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| What are the important roles played by microbes in biotechnology? |
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| the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, Recombinant DNA technology, a new technique for biotechnology, enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes |
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| What are the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? |
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| prokaryotes- pre neucleu, One circular chromosome, not in a membrane, No histones, No organelles, Peptidoglycan cell walls if Bacteria, Pseudomurein cell walls, if Archaea, Binary fission eukaryotes- a cell having DNA inside a sidtinct membrane, enclosed nucleus, Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane, Histones, Organelles, Polysaccharide cell walls, Mitotic spindle |
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| How are microorganisms named and classified? |
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| Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature. Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet. Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized, and the specific epithet is lowercase. Are “Latinized” and used worldwide. May be descriptive or honor a scientist. After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the specific epithet |
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| What are the various types of microorganisms and how do they differ? |
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| Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Viruses, Multicellular animal parasites. Bacteria, archaea- prokaryotic Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Multicellular animal parasites- eukaryotic Viruses- acellular |
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| Know the major types of chemical bonds, and the features of each. |
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| ionic- attractions between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses electrons, and another gains electrons. covalent- form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons hydrogen- form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule |
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| Dehydration synthesis |
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| a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released |
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| Hydrolysis |
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| a decomposistion reaction in which a H ion and a OH ion reacts to for a water molecule |
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| Reversible reactions |
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| Can readily go in either direction. Each direction may need special conditions |
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| Anabolism |
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| the synthesis of molecules in a cell |
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| Catabolism |
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| the decomposition reactions in a cell |
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| Exchange reactions |
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| a chemical reaction that has both synthesis and decomposition components |
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| Coccus |
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| a spherical or ovoid bacterium |
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| Bacillus |
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| any rod shaped bacterium |
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| Vibrio |
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| spiral shaped like a boomerang |
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| Spirillum |
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| a helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium |
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| Spirochete |
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| a corkscrew- shaped bacterium with acial filaments |
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| Strep- |
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| chains |
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| Staph- |
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| clusters |
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| Diplo- |
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| pairs |
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| Peptidoglycan |
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| the structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetylglusamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and a peptide side chain |
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| Lipopolysaccharide |
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| a molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming the outter membrane of gram negitive cell walls |
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| Teichoic acid |
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| a polysaccharide found in gram-possitive cell walls |
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| Flagella |
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| a thin apendage from the surface of a cell; used for celluar movement; composed of flagellin in prokaryotic cells, composed of 9 + 2 microtubles in eukaryotic cells |
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| Axial filaments |
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| the structure for motility found in spirochetes; also caleed endoflagellum, wraped around the body allowing movement |
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| The glycocalyx and capsules |
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| Outside cell wall. Usually sticky. Capsule: neatly organized. Slime layer: unorganized and loose. Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach. Capsules prevent phagocytosi |
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| gram possitive cell wall |
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| 2-ring basal body, Disrupted by lysozyme, Penicillin sensitive |
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| gram negitive cell wall |
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| 4-ring basal body, Endotoxin, Tetracycline sensitive |
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| functional group alcohols |
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| R-O-H |
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| functional group aldehyde |
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| C=O C-H |
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| functional group keytone |
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| C=O |
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| functional group methyl |
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| C-H C-H C-H |
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| functional group amino |
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| NH2 |
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| functional group ester |
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| C=O C-O |
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| functional group ether |
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| H-C C-H C-O-C H-C C-H |
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| functional group sulfhydryl |
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| SH |
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| functional group carboxyl |
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| C=O C-OH |
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| functional group phosphate |
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| O-P=O |
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| unsaturated fat |
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| double bonds, kinked tail |
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| cis |
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| H atoms on the same side of the double bond |
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| trans |
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| H atoms on opposite sides of the double bond |
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| Compound light microscopy |
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| the image from the objective lens is magnified again by the ocular lens |
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| Darkfield microscopy |
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| Dark objects are visible against a bright background, Light reflected off the specimen does not enter the objective lens |
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| Phase-contrast microscopy |
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| Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen |
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| Differential interference contrast microscopy |
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| Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen; uses two beams of light |
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| Fluorescence microscopy |
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| Fluorescent substances absorb UV light and emit visible light, the specimen may be stained with a UV stain |
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| Confocal microscopy |
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| Cells stained with fluorochrome dyes, Short wavelength (blue) light used to excite the dyes, The light illuminates each plane in a specimen to produce a three-dimensional image |
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| simple stain |
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| Use of a single basic dye |
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| differential stains |
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| Used to distinguish between bacteria acid fast-Stained waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-alcohol gram stain-Classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative |
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| special stains |
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| Used to distinguish parts of cells Capsule stain- Negative stain Endospore stain- Primary stain: Malachite green, usually with heat, Decolorize cells: Water, Counterstain: Safranin Flagella stain- Mordant on flagella, Carbolfuchsin simple stain |
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| endosymbotic theory |
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| an eary cell developed into the bacteria, archea, and eukarya. The bacteria later went onto for the chloroplasts of the eukarya cells. The archea went on to form the mitocondria of the eukarya cells. This theory is a model for the evolution of eukaryotes which states that organelles arose from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryote |
