MIcro Exam II – Lectures 10-12 – Flashcards
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| Is a virus alive? |
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| No, it can direct life, but has no metabolism, no cytoplasm, organelles. |
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| T/F Bacteria outnumber viruses. |
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| False - viruses outnumber 10:1. |
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| What is a capsid? |
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| Surrounds the genome in a virus. |
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| Can a virus have both RNA and DNA? |
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| No - mutually exclusive. |
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| What is a naked virus? |
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| No viral envelope, which is stolen from the host cell. |
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| Describe the virus contents. |
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| DNA xor RNA, a few viral proteins for replication, and a protein shell. |
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| What is a virion? |
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| Extracellular form of a virus - also called virus particle. |
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| What are the contents of a nucleocapsid? |
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| DNA xor RNA, structural proteins/protein shell, enzymes and nucleic acid binding proteins, and Nucleocapsid may be the outer structure (if it's naked). |
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| What is the envelope made of? |
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| Lipid bilayer. |
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| Which is hardier - naked or not naked virus? |
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| Naked - resistant to the environment. The lipid bilayer of envelope makes it more "fussy". |
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| How does our I/S recognize viruses? |
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| The viral proteins that project out of the membrane for attachment - peplomers, spikes, VAPs). |
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| What is a capsomere? |
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| A viral nucleocapsid structure - can be icosahedral - 20 sides, or alpha helical shaped (coiled). |
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| Name nucleocapsid structures? |
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| Capsomeres, helical(rod) or icosahedral, bacteriophage (spaceship). |
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| How do we get rid of viruses? |
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| Antibody response can kill it, but not clear it. Need CMI. |
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| Name the 2 bacteriophage lifecycles. |
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| Lytic, Lysogenic. |
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| What are the details of the lytic lifecycle? |
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| attach, penetrate, inject (no uncoating), biosynthesis, maturation (assembly of new virus), release (lysis of the host cell). |
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| What is the process of DNA integrating into the chromosome, and the virus sitting dormant in the cell? |
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| Lysogenic life cycle of bacteriophage. |
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| Where does an envelope come from? |
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| Host cell membrane. |
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| What is a VAP? |
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| Viral attachment protein. |
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| What does influenza have that helps it attach to its host cell? |
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| Hemaglutinin. |
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| How do enveloped viruses spread? |
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| Needs moisture - airborne droplets, secretions, etc... Fragile b/c of membrane lipids. Also has VAPS, spikes, peplomers, etc... |
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| What happens in the Attachment phase of viral replication? |
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| Uses specific receptors, bacteriophages use tail fibers. |
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| What happens in the Penetration phase of viral replication? |
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| Animal viruses are taken up by endocytosis, whole virus inside the cell. Bacteriophages attach and inject their material. Some bacteria have a primitive I/S to chop up foreign DNA to protect against bacteriophages. |
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| What happens in the Synthesis phase of viral replication? |
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| Bacteriophages - all steps in the cytoplasm. Animal viruses - diff for DNA, RNA. |
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| How does a DNA virus replicate itself? |
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| Replicate in the nucles and use ribosomes in the cytoplasm. |
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| How does positive sense RNA replicate? |
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| They use negative sense RNA to transcribe mRNA in the nucleus, then the proteins are made in the cytoplasm. |
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| How does negative sense RNA replicate? |
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| Converted to +sense, then the positive sense RNA is used as mRNA to directly make proteins. |
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| What happens in the Assembly phase of viral replication - where does it occur? |
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| Cytoplasm of the host cell, some viruses need envelope from the host cell. |
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| What happens during the Release phase of viral replication? |
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| Lytic cycle - host cell is killed when virus lyses. After lying dormant in lysogenic cycle, it can enter lytic cycle an lyse. In eukaryotic viruses, infection leads to lysis or budding. |
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| How are viruses classified? |
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| Size, morphology, nucleic acid content, structure, diseases causes, means of transmission, host cell. |
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| What is the Baltimore System? |
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| Viral classification system. Most used currently. 7 families that considers structure, biochemical characteristics, genome structure, and mode of replication. |
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| What is tropism? |
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| Virus host cell specificity - determined by VAPs on the surface. Ex. Hep C is hepatotropic. Some have a wide range, some very narrow. |
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| Describe a typical viral growth curve. |
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| Wish I could copy the chart in here. On Section 10 handout. |
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| What is the viral burst size in a viral growth curve? |
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| The number of virions produced when a cell lyses. Ranges from a few to 1000s. |
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| What is the replication cycle in a viral growth curve. |
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| Process that starts when a virion enters a cell and ends when virions are released. |
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| T/F A typical human virus replication cycle is 48-72 hrs? |
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| False - 8-40 hrs. |
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| What is the eclipse period of a viral growth curve? |
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| The period of time between infection by a virus and the appearance of the mature virus within the cell. If you're exposed during this time you won't get infected. |
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| What are Early Proteins? |
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| Biosynthesis of viruses happens in steps. Proteins needed initially for replication are Early Proteins. |
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| What are Late Proteins (examples)? |
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| Proteins needed by a virus to assemble virions. Include capsomeres and capsids. |
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| Name the 7 Baltimore classification categories. |
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| dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, +sense ssRNA, -sense ssRNA, RNA reverse transcribing viruses, DNA reverse transcribing viruses. |
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| Describe the replication of dsDNA viruses. |
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| host cell needs to transcribe the DNA->RNA->protein. Host cell already knows how to do this. |
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| Describe the replication of ssDNA viruses. |
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| Translocated to the nucleus. Synthesizes into dsDNA. This is how our DNA is replicated, so machinery is already in place to do that. |
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| Describe the replication of dsRNA viruses. |
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| Viruses have an enzyme to make mRNA. Can then translate this to a protein. Viral RNA polymerase. |
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| Describe the replication of +sense ssRNA viruses. |
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| Could be directly used as mRNA to make a protein. But making more copies is a problem. A viral enzyme is needed to copy. |
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| Describe the replication of -sense ssRNA viruses. |
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| This must be converted to +sense. Can then be used as mRNA. |
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| Describe the replication of RNA reverse transcribing viruses. |
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| RNA->DNA. Virus needs to bring an enzyme to do that. |
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| Name the DNA viruses. |
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| Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Poxviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Polyoma. |
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| Name the ssDNA viruses. |
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| Only one - Parvoviridae. |
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| Name the naked DNA viruses. |
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| Pre-PAP... Polyoma, Papilloma, Adenovirus, Parvovirus (Not Pox). |
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| Name the reverse DNA virus. |
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| Hepadnaviridae - Hepatic DNA virus. |
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| Name the positive ss RNA viruses. |
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| A RETRO TOGA party with FLAVorful PICO de gaillo and CORONAs. |
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| Name the negative ss RNA viruses. |
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| Paramyxo, Orthomyxo, Rhabdo, Filo, Bunva, Arena. |
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| Name the dsRNA. |
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| Reoviridae. |
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| Name the Reverse RNA. |
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| Easy - Retroviridae - HIV. |
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| What unique problem is presented to viruses using eukaryotic ribosomes? |
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| Eukaryotic cells generally uses monocistronic (one protein for one mRNA) and the virus has polycistronic mRNA. |
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| How does HIV adapt to the monocistronic/polycistronic problem? |
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| The virus makes monocistronic mRNA, the host cleaves the viral mRNA into monocistronic, a long polyprotein is made then cut, viral mRNA has sites for ribosomes to internally AND at 5' end. |
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| List virus virulence factors. |
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| Attachment proteins, enzyme. |
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| What is an attenuated virus? |
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| Lost its virulence factors. |
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| What is viremia? |
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| Viruses in the blood. Can then spread to secondary site. |
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| What is significant about your I/S fighting a viral infection. |
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| Must kill your own cell since it's intracellular. Cytokines cause dmg. Immune complexes and complement also cause damage. |
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| What is viral incubation period? How is it measured? |
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| Time between exposure and symptoms. Usually measured in days to years. |
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| What is the significance of a latent viral infection - how does this relate to a chronic infection? |
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| Latent - viral genome present, but shed virus is NOT DETECTABLE. Chronic - small amt of virus is present. |
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| How are viruses spread? |
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| Inhalation, fecal/oral, blood. |
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| What is syncytium? |
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| Cell to cell transfer w/out being exposed to your I/S. |
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| How can viruses cause cancer? |
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| Provide/Activate growth stimulating genes, Remove stops for DNA synthesis and growth, Prevent apoptosis, Integrate into host and turn on neighboring genes, Cause cells to divide faster and get more mutations. |
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| How are viruses grown? |
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| Tissue culture or live animals. |
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| What is CPE? |
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| Cytopathic effect of the virus - what you see. CMV - large cells, inclusion bodies - negri bodies, rabies in brain, HSV, Varicella-Zoster, etc.... |
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| How are viruses diagnosed? |
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| Serology, detection of viral components, symptoms, history, isolation and growth, electron microscope. |
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| How are viruses treated? |
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| Antivirals, Disrupt the virion (envelope, stop infection), Block attachment, Block penetration and uncoating, Block RNA synthesis/transcription, Blcok genome replication, Protein Synthesis, Virion Assembly and Release, Stimulate Host I/S. |
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| What is the only known human virus of the Polyoma family? |
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| SV-40. |
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| Is SV-40 oncogenic? |
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| Yes - although we don't know why. Rarely causes disease in monkeys unless infected w/ SIV. It does bind MHC I, so the I/S doesn't see the cell. |
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| What is the shape of the capsid and nucleic acid of HPV? |
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| Naked nucleocapsid, icosahedral capsule. |
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| What virus causes cervical cancer? |
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| HPV (HSV). |
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| What is Gardasil a vaccine for? |
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| HPV (HSV) - combines 16, 18, 6, and 11 capsid proteins. |
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| Where does HPV replicate? |
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| Squamous cell epithelium. Becomes warts. Causes cell proliferation in mucosa/cutaneous. Inhibits tumor suppressor, so unchecked growth. |
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| What are some disease caused by adenoviruses? |
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| Resp. infections, Conjunctivits, Pharyngoconjunctival fever in infants, Gastroenteritis, |
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| How is adenovirus transmitted? |
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| Droplet or fecal/oral. |
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| Describe the Adenovirus. |
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| DS DNA naked nucleocapsid icosahedral virus. |
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| What virus is used as a vector for gene therapy? |
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| Adenovirus. |
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| Describe the herpes virus. |
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| Enveloped DS DNA virus w/ icosahedral capsidds. Can cause latent and recurrent infections. |
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| What is the only virus family w/ a nuclear envelope (instead of an outer cell membrane)? |
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| Herpes. |
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| Name some diseases caused by Herpes. |
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| HSV 1, HSV2, Varicella Zoster, Cytomegalovirus, EBV, Herpes Virus-8. |
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| What does HSV 1 infect? |
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| Herpes Simplex Virus 1 infects the lips/face/skin/oral cavity. |
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| How is HSV 1 treated? |
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| Acyclovir. |
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| Who is at risk with HSV 1/2? |
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| Immunosuppressed, newborns, can spread to brain and be fatal. |
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| How are HSV-1/HSV-2 acuired? |
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| Cuts, infection. HSV-2 is an STD. |
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| What does HSV-2 infect? |
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| Mucoepithelial cells. Latent in neurons. |
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| What does Varicella Zoster cause? |
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| Chicken pox/shingles. Infects mucoepithelial cells, latent in neurons, resp. and close contact transmission. |
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| Where does Zoster lie dormant? |
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| Neurons - they'll follow the nerve track. |
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| What does Varicella/Zoster spread thru? |
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| Macs, so it spreads quickly. |
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| Which Herpes disease do we have a vaccine for? What type of vaccine? |
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| Live attenuated for Varicella/Zoster. |
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| What cells does CMV infect? |
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| monocytes, lymphocytes and epithelial cells, latent in monocytes and lymphocytes |
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| How is CMV spread? |
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| close contact, transfusions, tissues, congenital. |
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| What has caused CMV to be worse? |
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| More prevalent due to HIV - immunosuppressed. Also pregos at risk. |
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| T/F Most of us have had CMV. |
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| True - just not serious to us. |
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| What caused Jimmer Fredette to miss a critical stretch of last season? |
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| Mono-EBV. |
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| What cells does EBV infect? |
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| B-cells - Jimmer played for BYU. Also epithelial cells. |
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| How is EBV transmitted? |
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| Spit - the kissing disease. |
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| How long does mono last? |
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| 2-3 weeks, no vaccine or treatment. That's why Jimmer took a month to get back to normal. |
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| How is mono diagnosed? |
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| Mono spot. Your serum + sheep RBCs -> clumping. |
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| What is associated with Burkitts lymphoma? |
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| EBV and co-infection w/ malaria. |
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| What causes Kaposi's Sarcoma? |
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| Herpes 8 - Type of skin cancer. |
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| Why do AIDS pts get Kaposi's Sarcoma? |
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| Type of skin cancer, need T cells to clear it. |
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| Describe the pox virus. |
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| DS DNA enveloped virus. |
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| What is unique about the Pox replication cycle? |
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| Replicates in the cytoplasm - brings in enzymes to copy its DNA. |
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| What does Pox cause? |
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| Variola - one of these is small pox. Also Molluscum contagiosu (warts - only spread by close contact, sex and fomites), vaccinia virus (cowbox), monkeypox (milder, 1-10% fatal). |
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| Talk about the small pox virus. |
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| Spread by inhalation, travels in blood, fatal, acute, highly infections. BIG CANDIDATE FOR BIOTERRORISM. No treatment. |
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| Describe the Parvo Virus family. |
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| SS naked DNA (only SS one). |
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| Name the SS naked DNA virus? |
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| Parvovirus. This is a small virus - needs growing cells to replicate. |
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| What disease does Parvovirus cause? |
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| Strain B19 causes Fifths disease. Slapped cheek, Fever, problem for anemic kids. |
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| What causes slapped cheek syndrome? |
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| Parvovirus, B19, Fifths Disease. |
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| What are the characteristics of the Picorna virus family? |
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| Small, SS + strand naked RNA, icosahedral capsid. |
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| Which Picornavirus that is not stable in acid (the rest are stable)? |
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| Rhinovirus. |
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| T/F Picorna virus doesn't need to bring in its own enzymes. |
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| False - brings in proteases and RNA dependent RNA polymerase. |
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| Name the 3 important genera of Picornaviruses. |
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| Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus. |
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| T/F Picornavirus is cytolytic. |
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| True. Repicates and spreads quickly as well. |
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| What do polio and coxsackie viruses belong to (family/genus)? |
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| Picornavirus family, Enterovirus genus. |
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| What makes Enteroviruses resistant to harsh conditions (GI tract and sewage)? |
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| Their capsid. |
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| Which enterovirus has a vaccine? |
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| Polio. |
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| How is Polio spread? |
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| Fecal contamination of water. |
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| Describe the lifecycle of the polio virus? |
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| Replicates in pharynx and GI tract, enters bloodstream, then goes to the CNS. |
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| Why does polio cause paralysis? |
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| It's cytolytic for motor neurons. |
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| Name the vector/reservoir for polio. |
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| Us (so no vector). So this can be eliminated. |
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| Herpangina is caused by what? |
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| Coxsackievirus - Group A - not related to Herpes virus - hand/foot/mouth. Also causes conjunctivities. |
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| What causes Pleurodynia? |
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| Coxsackievirus - Group B. Myocardial/pericardial infections. |
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| How are enteroviruses treated? |
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| Antiviral pleoconaril - prevents penetration into the cell. Must be given early. |
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| T/F Sabin is inactivated polio vaccine. |
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| False - Sabin is Oral - live attenuated. |
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| What does Rhinovirus belong to? |
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| Picornavirus family. |
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| T/F There just a few serotypes of Rhinovirus. |
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| False - over 100. |
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| How is Rhinovirus treated? |
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| Nasal vasoconstrictors, antiviral pleocarnil for asthmatics. |
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| Describe the calci virus family. |
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| Postive sense SS RNA naked capsid icosahedral. |
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| What causes Norwalk virus? |
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| Calcivirus. This is the prototype. |
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| What causes 50% of gastroenteritis? |
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| Norwalk virus. |
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| How is Norwalk virus treated? |
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| Prevention and rehydration. Must use bleach or steam to prevent. |
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| T/F the infections dose is very high for Norwalk virus. |
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| False - very low b/c it' stable in acid, bleach. Need fresh conc. bleach or steam. |
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| What is the only +SS RNA enveloped virus? |
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| Coronavirus. |
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| How does Coronavirus survive in the GI tract? |
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| Surface projections. |
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| What is the 2nd most prevalent cause of the common cold? |
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| Coronavirus. Also found in GI tract. |
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| What caused SARS? |
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| Coronavirus. |
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| What are the characteristics of the Paramyxovirus? |
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| -Sense, SS RNA - enveloped, helical nucleocapsid. |
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| How can you tell family members of the Paramyxofamily apart? |
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| By their VAPs. |
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| T/F Paramyxoviruses induce cell fusion? |
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| True - they induce cell fusion - giant multi-nucleated cells. |
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| What causes measles/rubeola? |
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| Paramyxovirus, morbillivirus genus. Highly contagious - droplet transmission - not prevalent due to vaccines. |
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| What causes Koplik's spots? |
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| Paramyxovirus, on the buccal mucosa. |
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| What family/genus is parainfluenza part of? |
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| Paramyxovirus/paramyxovirus. |
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| What kind of vaccine is the rubella vaccine? |
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| Live attenuated. |
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| What is infected in rubella? |
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| Testes/CNS - due to viremia. |
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| What do Nipah and Hendra belong to? |
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| Paramyxovirus - unassigned genus. Broad host range - accidental host causes DEADLY OUTCOME. |
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| What causes RSV? |
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| Paramyxovirus Pneuovirus genus. |
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| How are infants w/ RSV treated? |
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| Ribavarin - inhaled. Also Ig shots - anti-RSV - somebody else's antibodies. |
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| What causes Influenza A/B/C? |
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| Orthomyxovirus. |
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| T/F Orthomyxovirus is hardier than most enveloped viruses. |
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| True - can live on fomites for a day. |
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| Name the VAP that elicits antibody response on orthomyxoviruses. |
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| Hemaglulutinin. |
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| What is neurominidase? |
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| Enzyme important for release in orthomyxovirus. Target for drug therapy. |
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| Describe the orthomyxovirus. |
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| SS -sense RNA enveloped helical virus. |
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| T/F vaccines are available for orthomyxovirus. |
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| Of course - flu vaccine. |
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| How are orthomyxos treated? |
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| Antivirals - stop attachment and uncoating. |
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| How are influenzas classified? |
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| Time/Place of orig isolation/Antigen HA and NA. |
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| What disease is associated with Reye's syndrome? |
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| Influenza B and chick pox and aspirin. Anyone <19 shouldn't be given aspirin. |
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| Describe the Rhabdovirus family. |
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| Enveloped -sense SS helical RNA virus. |
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| What causes rabies? |
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| Rhabdovirus. |
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| T/F Rabies has never been fatal. |
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| False - before vaccine it was 100% fatal. Replicates for days/months at site of bite/inhalation, goes to CNS then brain. |
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| How is rabies treated? |
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| Vaccine/antibodies. Takes a long time to replicate. Ab can block spread during incubation period. |
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| How is rabies diagnosed? |
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| Negri bodies in neurons. CPE in neurons. |
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| What is the reservoir for rabies? |
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| Dogs. |
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| What are the important diseases caused by Filovirus family? |
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| Ebola and Genus Marburg virus. Hemorrhagic fevers. |
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| Where is Filovirus endemic? |
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| Africa - spread by bats/monkeys/humans/syringes. |
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| How is Filovirus treated? |
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| Anti-serum, quarantine, killing infected animals. |
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| Describe the Reovirus family. |
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| DS + RNA - segmented genome. |
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| T/F Reovirus is enveloped. |
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| False - double layered icosahedral protein capsids. |
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| T/F Reovirus is stable in acids. |
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| True - also airborne transmission. |
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| What types of illnesses are caused by Orthoreovirus. |
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| Not treated, not surveyed. Mostly asymptomatic in humans, mild upper resp/ GI, biliary atresial (Gall bladder blockage). |
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| Where is Ortheovirus genus found? |
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| Rivers/water. |
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| What family is Ortheovirus in? |
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| Reovirus. |
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| What family is Rotavirus in? |
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| Reovirus. |
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| What types of illnesses are caused by rotavirus? |
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| GI tract. |
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| How is Rotavirus transmitted? |
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| Human fecal/oral. |
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| Who does Rotavirus infect? |
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| Birds/mammals/humans. |
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| T/F Rotavirus is hardy. |
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| True - stable in env., may resist handwashing, survives stomach acid. |
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| T/F Rotavirus does not have a vaccine. |
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| False - live attenuated - oral - so you're trying to give local immuninity. |
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| What causes 50% of all diarrhea in kids < 2 years old? |
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| Rotavirus. |
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| What types of illnesses are caused by coltiviruses? |
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| Colorado Tick Fever - CO and West US, Canada. |
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| What are the reservoir/vector of coltvirus? |
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| Rodents (reservoir) Ticks (Vector). |
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| How do you treat coltvirus (CO tick fever)? |
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| It resolves itself. Fever, headache, myalgia, rash. Not reportable so no good stats. |
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| How is coltvirus (CO tick fever) diagnosed? |
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| Blood serology, rule out RMSF - which is bacterial, treated w/ abx). |
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| Describe Togavirus. |
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| + SS RNA icosahedral. Enveloped. |
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| Name 2 generas of togavirus. |
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| Alphavirus (not important human pathogen) and Rubivirus. |
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| What is unique about rubivirus? |
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| Spread by resp. droplets |
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| What does rubivirus cause? |
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| Rubella (German Measles) |
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| What are Forchhiemer's Spots associated with? |
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| Rubivirus (rubella). |
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| Can rubella cause abortion? |
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| Yes. |
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| What is the vaccine for Rubivirus? |
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| MMR - live attenuated. |
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| Describe Flaviviridae. |
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| Enveloped + SS RNA. |
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| How are arboviruses (Flaviviridae) transmitted? |
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| Mosquitoes - think Dengue/Yellow Fever. |
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| What causes West Nile/Dengue/Yellow Fever? |
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| Arboviruses/Flaviviridae. |
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| Describe the Bunyaviridae family. |
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| Enveloped segmented - ssRNA. |
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| What causes Hantavirus? |
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| Bunyaviridae. Rodent (urine) spread - lethal - pulmonary disease. |
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| What causes B. Rift valley fever and California? |
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| Bunyaviridae - though this is mosquito born - disease of livestock. |
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| What organ do hepatoviruses target? |
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| Liver - jaundice, dark urine, lymphadenopathy and muscle pain. |
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| What family does Hep A belong to? |
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| Picornavirus - genus Heparnavirus. Generally mild. |
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| T/F Hep A is stable. |
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| True - Inactivated by detergents, salt water, drying, autoclave, Cl-, etc... |
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| How is Hep A spread? |
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| Fecal/oral, water, shellfish, or FOOD PREP WORKERS. |
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| T/F Hep A causes chronic disease. |
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| False. |
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| T/F Hep A damange is due to the Immune Response. |
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| True. |
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| How is Hep A treated? |
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| Antibody (artificial passive) for contacts. |
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| What vaccine is available for Hep A? |
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| Killed vaccine here (age 2), live in China. |
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| Which Hep Virus is a DNA Virus? |
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| B |
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| What causes Hep B? |
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| Hepadnavirus. |
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| Described Hepadnavirus. |
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| enveloped partially ds cirucular DNA genome, icosahedral. |
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| T/F Hep B can cause cancer. |
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| True - integrates into host genome. |
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| What is an infections Hep B particle called? |
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| Dane particle. |
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| How is Hep B spread? |
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| needles, sex, perinatally. |
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| What is serum hepatitis? |
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| Hep B - 60-90 days incubation. seroconversion for needle stick so universal precautions taken. |
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| How is a Hep B needle stick treated? |
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| HB Ig. |
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| What percentage of the world population is infected w/ Hep B? |
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| 1/3 - that can't be right - double check this. 5% of US - 25% of those have symptoms. |
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| What does the T-cell response from Hep B cause? What kind of immunopathology is this? |
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| Liver damage. Your T cells kill your liver cells. Type II response. |
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| What kind of immunopathology results from Hep B? |
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| Type II (vasculities and renal dmg) and Type III. |
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| How is Hep B treated? |
answer
| Antivirals aimed at polymerase. |
question
| How is Hep B diagnosed? |
answer
| Hep B surface antigen - HBsAg - 1st antigen to appear. |
question
| T/F If you're seropositive for HBcAg Ab, you could have been vaccinated. |
answer
| False - core antigen - host makes IgM to this when you clear the virus, so NOT present from vaccine. |
question
| What comes after HBsAg? |
answer
| HBeAg - comes after HBsAg and this means the virus is very infective, active. |
question
| What causes Hep C virus? |
answer
| Flavivirus - RNA genome. Hepacivurs + sense RNA - enveloped icosahedral. |
question
| How is Hep C spread? |
answer
| blood, needles, sex, perinatally. |
question
| T/F Hep C doesn't cause cancer. |
answer
| False - Increases liver cancer - high cell turnover. |
question
| Who is infected by Hep C? |
answer
| Humans/chimps - 170 million carriers. |
question
| Flavivirus causes which Hepatatises? |
answer
| C and G. |
question
| T/F Hep G is more serious than Hep C and related? |
answer
| False - related yes, but less virulent. Unlikely a major human pathogen. |
question
| How is Hep C diagnosed? |
answer
| ELISA. |
question
| How is Hep C treated? |
answer
| IFN-alpha or ribavirin - 50% recovery. |
question
| Describe Hep E virus. |
answer
| Resembles Calcivirus. |
question
| Describe Hep D. |
answer
| -Sense SS RNA. |
question
| T/F Hep D acts alone. |
answer
| False - needs HBV as a helper - uses HBV cell to produce protein - viral parasite. SUPERINFECTION TO HBV. Makes it worse. |
question
| Describe Hep E. |
answer
| non-enveloped +sense ss RNA. |
question
| T/F Hep E disease resembles calcivirus. |
answer
| False - DISEASE resembles Hep A, and the VIRUS resembles Calcivirus. |
question
| Describe a prion. |
answer
| Proeinaceous infectious particle. |
question
| What does a prion cause? |
answer
| encephalopathies - |
question
| How do prions act? |
answer
| Binds to your proteins - causes re-forlding. |
question
| T/F prions are not antigenic, inflammatory or immunogenic. |
answer
| True - to all 3. |
question
| T/F Prions are resistant to heat and radiation. |
answer
| True on both accounts. |
question
| How are prions transmitted? |
answer
| Injection, transplantation, contact w/ medical equipment, food, genetics for humal familial |
question
| How are prions treated? |
answer
| No serotests, prevention is key. Need to treat w/ NaOH for autoclave - 30 mins, 1 hour in hour and autoclave, then 1 hour rinse in water. |
