question

A specimen will appear light against a dark background when using which type of microscope?

answer

Darkfield

question

According to the endosymbiotic theory, eukaryotes evolved from:

answer

Prokaryotes that engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells.

question

After the alcohol step of the gram stain, what is the color of a gram positive bacteria?

answer

Purple

question

Cluster of round shapes

answer

Staphylococci

question

Another word for rod-shaped bacteria is

answer

Bacillus

question

Gram-positive and gram-negative cells can be differentiated by the gram stain due to the differences in the _______ composition of their cell walls

answer

Peptidoglycan

question

In order, what are the steps of the gram stain?

answer

Crystal violet-iodine-alcohol-safranin

question

In scientific nomenclature, an organism is assigned two names. What is the first name?

answer

Genus

question

One meter is the equivalent of:

answer

1,000,000 micrometers

question

Preparing colorless bacteria against a colorless background is called

answer

Negative staining

question

Resolution refers to

answer

The ability to distinguish fine detail

question

The cell theory states that

answer

All living things are composed of cells

question

The use of energy to move substances across the plasma membrane is defined as

answer

Active transport

question

What is the correct path of light through a compound microscope?

answer

Illuminator, condenser, specimen, objective lens, ocular lens

question

What is the most abundant component of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

answer

Phospholipids

question

What is the purpose of a simple stain?

answer

Highlight the shape and structure of a microorganism

question

What type of bacteria contains very few layers of peptidoglycan and periplasma in its cell wall?

answer

Gram negative

question

What type of stain would be used to identify mycobacteria?

answer

Acid fast stain

question

What would you expect to happen if a bacterial cell is placed in an isotonic solution?

answer

The cell will remain unchanged

question

Which field of study is not correctly matched? Bacteriology-bacteria Mycology-parasitic worms Parasitology-protozoa Immunology-immunity Virology-viruses

answer

Mycology-parasitic worms

question

Which is not true about fixing organisms to slides It kills the microorganism It immobilizes the microorganism on the slide It enhances the image under the microscope It is accomplished with heat or alcohol It preserves the microorganism in its natural state.

answer

It enhances the image under the microscope

question

Which microscope uses an electron beam to produce three-dimensional images of specimens?

answer

Scanning electron microscope

question

Example of a scientific name

answer

Escherichia coli

question

Which of the following is not true of bacteria They are single-celled organisms Their cell walls are largely composed of peptidoglycan Their genetic material is enclosed in a nuclear membrane They are considered prokaryotes They are generally reproduced by binary fission

answer

Their genetic material is enclosed in a nuclear membrane

question

Which of the following is used to examine the internal structures of living organisms?

answer

Phase-contrast microscope

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Algae They carry out photosynthesis They reproduce by binary fission They are mostly unicellular Their cell walls are composed of cellulose They are abundant in fresh and salt water.

answer

They reproduce by binary fission

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of eukaryotes They lack membrane-enclosed organelles Their DNA is enclosed within a nuclear membrane Their cells divide by mitosis Their cell walls are chemically simple Their DNA is associated with histones

answer

They lack membrane-enclosed organelles

question

Which of the following is not one of the 3 domains Archaea Prokarya Eukarya Bacteria

answer

Prokarya

question

Which of the following structures is incorrectly matched to its function Glycocalyx-enables cells to attach to surfaces Axial filament-propels bacteria in a spiral motion Pili-protects bacteria from phagocytosis Fimbriae-involved in forming biofilms Flagella-propels bacteria

answer

Pili-protects bacteria from phagocytosis

question

Which of the following scientists is not correctly matched to his contribution to science Pasteur-provided evidence against spontaneous generation Lister-introduced the use of disinfectants to clean wounds Jenner-proved that microorganisms cause disease Ehrlich-discovered the first chemotherapy agent Flemming-discovered penicillin

answer

Jenner-proved that microorganisms cause disease

question

Which of the following is true about facilitated diffusion ATP is required It is an active process It involves the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration It requires transporter proteins to facilitate the movement of ions across the membrane It only occurs at equilibrium

answer

It requires transporter proteins to facilitate the movement of ions across the membrane

question

The nucleus in a eukaryotic cell is surrounded by: Chromatin A nuclear envelope Histones Nucleoli Chloroplasts

answer

A nuclear envelope

question

Which of the following is not true of normal microbiota? Our normal microbiota are made up of a variety of microorganisms Normal microbiota are usually harmless Normal microbiota can protect us from disease Normal microbiota can produce helpful substances such as vitamin k Normal microbiota never cause disease

answer

Normal microbiota never cause disease

question

Which of the following emerging infectious diseases is not correctly matched to its pathogenesis Marburg virus-diarrhea Mad cow disease-spongiform encephalopathy Hiv-distroys cd4+ t cells West Nile virus- inflammation of the brain Ebola virus- hemorrhagic fever

answer

Marburg virus-diarrhea

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of prokaryotes? They usually divide by binary fission Their cell wells contain peptidoglycan Their DNA is associated with histones Their DNA is not enclosed with a nuclear membrane They lack membrane enclosed organelles

answer

Their DNA is not enclosed with a nuclear membrane

question

Which scientist is credited for discovering vaccination?

answer

Jenner

question

Which scientist provided evidence that bacteria cause disease?

answer

Koch

question

site of ATP production

answer

Mitochondria

question

transport of proteins

answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

question

contain digestive enzymes

answer

Lysosomes

question

contains cellular DNA

answer

Nucleus

question

contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis

answer

Chloroplasts

question

secretion and modification of proteins

answer

Golgi complex

question

site of protein synthesis

answer

Ribosomes

question

bacteria fungi protozoa algae viruses

answer

microorganisms

question

two names that make up a scientific name for an organism

answer

genus species

question

single celled prokaryotes (no nuclear membrane) peptidoglycan cell walls reproduce by binary fission use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis for energy

answer

bacteria

question

eukaryotes (nuclear membrane) chitin cell walls use organic chemicals for energy unicellular and multicellular

answer

fungi

question

eukaryotes absorb or ingest organic chemicals may be motile via cilia or flagella can produce sexually or asexually

answer

protozoa

question

eukaryotes cellulose cell walls use photosynthesis for energy produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds live in freshwater, saltwater, in soil, and with plants

answer

algae

question

acellular (not cell associated) consist of DNA or RNA core core surrounded by protein coat coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope only replicated when are in living host

answer

virus

question

3 domains

answer

bacteria archaea eukarya

question

all living things are composed of cells

answer

cell theory

question

hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life; introduced by aristotle

answer

spontaneous generation

question

hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life; pasteur

answer

biogenesis

question

first to formally challenge spontaneous generation

answer

francesco redi

question

germ theory of disease; specific microbe cause a specific disease

answer

koch

question

aseptic surgery

answer

lister

question

theory of immunity

answer

ehrlich

question

microbes are responsible for fermentation; developed pasteurization to kill most spoilage bacteria

answer

pasteur

question

first antibiotic; penicillin

answer

fleming

question

study of bacteria

answer

bacteriology

question

study of fungi

answer

mycology

question

study of viruses

answer

virology

question

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

answer

parasitology

question

study of immunity

answer

immunology

question

the ability of the body to ward of disease

answer

resistance

question

Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen Allows visualization of internal structures in living microorganisms Provides high-contrast images of unstained specimens

answer

Phase-Contrast

question

Light objects are visible against a dark background Light reflected off the specimen enters the objective lens Useful for organisms that cannot be stained by standard methods

answer

Darkfield

question

Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen; uses two beams of light Image may appear three-dimensional Requires a transparent specimen; Uses live, unstained specimens

answer

Differential Interference Contrast

question

Uses UV light Fluorescent substances absorb UV light and emit visible light Cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes (fluorochromes) Often used to highlight specific proteins or molecules in the cell

answer

Fluorescence

question

Cells are stained with fluorochrome dyes Uses point illumination, as opposed to lighting the entire specimen (like with fluorescent microscopy) The light illuminates each plane in a specimen to produce a three-dimensional image

answer

Confocal

question

Measures sound waves that are reflected back from an object Used to study cells attached to a surface Resolution 1 µm

answer

Scanning Acoustic Microscope

question

Uses electrons instead of light The shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution Used to observe structures that are too small to be observed by light microscopes, such as viruses and internal structures of the cell

answer

Electron Microscope

question

Uses ultra-thin sections of specimens Light passes through specimen, then an electromagnetic lens, to a screen or film Specimens may be stained with heavy metal salts 10,000-100,000; resolution 2.5 nm

answer

Transmission Electron Microscope

question

An electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scans the surface of a whole specimen Secondary electrons emitted from the specimen produce the image

answer

Scanning Electron Microscope

question

Staining the background instead of the cell is called

answer

negative staining

question

may be used to hold the stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it

answer

mordant

question

One circular chromosome, not enclosed in a membrane No histones (proteins that bind chromosomes) No organelles Peptidoglycan cell walls if Bacteria Pseudomurein cell walls if Archaea Divide by binary fission

answer

Prokaryote

question

Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane Histones Organelles Polysaccharide, simple cell walls (if present) Cell division by mitosis

answer

Eukaryote

question

clusters

answer

staph

question

chains

answer

strept

question

Sugar coat surrounding cells Outside cell wall Usually sticky If organized and firmly attached to cell wall= capsule If unorganized and loosely attached= slime layer

answer

glycocalyx

question

Important for motility (movement) Outside cell wall Made of chains of flagellin Attached to a protein hook Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body

answer

Flagella

question

Also called endoflagella In spirochetes Anchored at one end of a cell Rotation in corkscrew-like motion causes cell to move Similar in structure to flagella

answer

Axial Filaments

question

allow attachment Involved in forming biofilms and adhering to epithelial cells

answer

fimbriae

question

Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another Gliding motility Twitching motility

answer

pili

question

thick layer of peptidoglycan

answer

gram positive

question

thin layer of peptidoglycan

answer

gram negative

question

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

answer

Simple diffusion

question

Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

answer

Facilitated diffusion

question

Energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) drives substances across the plasma membrane with the aid of carrier molecules.

answer

Active transport

question

water moves into cell

answer

hypotonic

question

water moves out of cell

answer

hypertonic

question

water in equilibrium

answer

isotonic

question

Larger prokaryotic cells lost their cell walls and engulfed or "swallowed" smaller cells

answer

Endosymbiotic Theory

question

Return to vegetative (active) state

answer

germination

question

endospore formation

answer

sporulation

Micro Chs 1-4 – Flashcards

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