Micro Chs 1-4 – Flashcards
98 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 98question
Another word for rod-shaped bacteria is
answer
Bacillus
Unlock the answer
question
Gram-positive and gram-negative cells can be differentiated by the gram stain due to the differences in the _______ composition of their cell walls
answer
Peptidoglycan
Unlock the answer
question
In order, what are the steps of the gram stain?
answer
Crystal violet-iodine-alcohol-safranin
Unlock the answer
question
In scientific nomenclature, an organism is assigned two names. What is the first name?
answer
Genus
Unlock the answer
question
One meter is the equivalent of:
answer
1,000,000 micrometers
Unlock the answer
question
Preparing colorless bacteria against a colorless background is called
answer
Negative staining
Unlock the answer
question
Resolution refers to
answer
The ability to distinguish fine detail
Unlock the answer
question
The cell theory states that
answer
All living things are composed of cells
Unlock the answer
question
The use of energy to move substances across the plasma membrane is defined as
answer
Active transport
Unlock the answer
question
What is the correct path of light through a compound microscope?
answer
Illuminator, condenser, specimen, objective lens, ocular lens
Unlock the answer
question
What is the most abundant component of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?
answer
Phospholipids
Unlock the answer
question
What is the purpose of a simple stain?
answer
Highlight the shape and structure of a microorganism
Unlock the answer
question
What type of bacteria contains very few layers of peptidoglycan and periplasma in its cell wall?
answer
Gram negative
Unlock the answer
question
What type of stain would be used to identify mycobacteria?
answer
Acid fast stain
Unlock the answer
question
What would you expect to happen if a bacterial cell is placed in an isotonic solution?
answer
The cell will remain unchanged
Unlock the answer
question
Which field of study is not correctly matched? Bacteriology-bacteria Mycology-parasitic worms Parasitology-protozoa Immunology-immunity Virology-viruses
answer
Mycology-parasitic worms
Unlock the answer
question
Which is not true about fixing organisms to slides It kills the microorganism It immobilizes the microorganism on the slide It enhances the image under the microscope It is accomplished with heat or alcohol It preserves the microorganism in its natural state.
answer
It enhances the image under the microscope
Unlock the answer
question
Which microscope uses an electron beam to produce three-dimensional images of specimens?
answer
Scanning electron microscope
Unlock the answer
question
Example of a scientific name
answer
Escherichia coli
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is not true of bacteria They are single-celled organisms Their cell walls are largely composed of peptidoglycan Their genetic material is enclosed in a nuclear membrane They are considered prokaryotes They are generally reproduced by binary fission
answer
Their genetic material is enclosed in a nuclear membrane
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is used to examine the internal structures of living organisms?
answer
Phase-contrast microscope
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Algae They carry out photosynthesis They reproduce by binary fission They are mostly unicellular Their cell walls are composed of cellulose They are abundant in fresh and salt water.
answer
They reproduce by binary fission
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is not a characteristic of eukaryotes They lack membrane-enclosed organelles Their DNA is enclosed within a nuclear membrane Their cells divide by mitosis Their cell walls are chemically simple Their DNA is associated with histones
answer
They lack membrane-enclosed organelles
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is not one of the 3 domains Archaea Prokarya Eukarya Bacteria
answer
Prokarya
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following structures is incorrectly matched to its function Glycocalyx-enables cells to attach to surfaces Axial filament-propels bacteria in a spiral motion Pili-protects bacteria from phagocytosis Fimbriae-involved in forming biofilms Flagella-propels bacteria
answer
Pili-protects bacteria from phagocytosis
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following scientists is not correctly matched to his contribution to science Pasteur-provided evidence against spontaneous generation Lister-introduced the use of disinfectants to clean wounds Jenner-proved that microorganisms cause disease Ehrlich-discovered the first chemotherapy agent Flemming-discovered penicillin
answer
Jenner-proved that microorganisms cause disease
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is true about facilitated diffusion ATP is required It is an active process It involves the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration It requires transporter proteins to facilitate the movement of ions across the membrane It only occurs at equilibrium
answer
It requires transporter proteins to facilitate the movement of ions across the membrane
Unlock the answer
question
The nucleus in a eukaryotic cell is surrounded by: Chromatin A nuclear envelope Histones Nucleoli Chloroplasts
answer
A nuclear envelope
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is not true of normal microbiota? Our normal microbiota are made up of a variety of microorganisms Normal microbiota are usually harmless Normal microbiota can protect us from disease Normal microbiota can produce helpful substances such as vitamin k Normal microbiota never cause disease
answer
Normal microbiota never cause disease
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following emerging infectious diseases is not correctly matched to its pathogenesis Marburg virus-diarrhea Mad cow disease-spongiform encephalopathy Hiv-distroys cd4+ t cells West Nile virus- inflammation of the brain Ebola virus- hemorrhagic fever
answer
Marburg virus-diarrhea
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is not a characteristic of prokaryotes? They usually divide by binary fission Their cell wells contain peptidoglycan Their DNA is associated with histones Their DNA is not enclosed with a nuclear membrane They lack membrane enclosed organelles
answer
Their DNA is not enclosed with a nuclear membrane
Unlock the answer
question
Which scientist is credited for discovering vaccination?
answer
Jenner
Unlock the answer
question
Which scientist provided evidence that bacteria cause disease?
answer
Koch
Unlock the answer
question
site of ATP production
answer
Mitochondria
Unlock the answer
question
transport of proteins
answer
Endoplasmic reticulum
Unlock the answer
question
contain digestive enzymes
answer
Lysosomes
Unlock the answer
question
contains cellular DNA
answer
Nucleus
Unlock the answer
question
contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis
answer
Chloroplasts
Unlock the answer
question
secretion and modification of proteins
answer
Golgi complex
Unlock the answer
question
site of protein synthesis
answer
Ribosomes
Unlock the answer
question
bacteria fungi protozoa algae viruses
answer
microorganisms
Unlock the answer
question
two names that make up a scientific name for an organism
answer
genus species
Unlock the answer
question
single celled prokaryotes (no nuclear membrane) peptidoglycan cell walls reproduce by binary fission use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis for energy
answer
bacteria
Unlock the answer
question
eukaryotes (nuclear membrane) chitin cell walls use organic chemicals for energy unicellular and multicellular
answer
fungi
Unlock the answer
question
eukaryotes absorb or ingest organic chemicals may be motile via cilia or flagella can produce sexually or asexually
answer
protozoa
Unlock the answer
question
eukaryotes cellulose cell walls use photosynthesis for energy produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds live in freshwater, saltwater, in soil, and with plants
answer
algae
Unlock the answer
question
acellular (not cell associated) consist of DNA or RNA core core surrounded by protein coat coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope only replicated when are in living host
answer
virus
Unlock the answer
question
3 domains
answer
bacteria archaea eukarya
Unlock the answer
question
all living things are composed of cells
answer
cell theory
Unlock the answer
question
hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life; introduced by aristotle
answer
spontaneous generation
Unlock the answer
question
hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life; pasteur
answer
biogenesis
Unlock the answer
question
first to formally challenge spontaneous generation
answer
francesco redi
Unlock the answer
question
germ theory of disease; specific microbe cause a specific disease
answer
koch
Unlock the answer
question
aseptic surgery
answer
lister
Unlock the answer
question
theory of immunity
answer
ehrlich
Unlock the answer
question
microbes are responsible for fermentation; developed pasteurization to kill most spoilage bacteria
answer
pasteur
Unlock the answer
question
first antibiotic; penicillin
answer
fleming
Unlock the answer
question
study of bacteria
answer
bacteriology
Unlock the answer
question
study of fungi
answer
mycology
Unlock the answer
question
study of viruses
answer
virology
Unlock the answer
question
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
answer
parasitology
Unlock the answer
question
study of immunity
answer
immunology
Unlock the answer
question
the ability of the body to ward of disease
answer
resistance
Unlock the answer
question
Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen Allows visualization of internal structures in living microorganisms Provides high-contrast images of unstained specimens
answer
Phase-Contrast
Unlock the answer
question
Light objects are visible against a dark background Light reflected off the specimen enters the objective lens Useful for organisms that cannot be stained by standard methods
answer
Darkfield
Unlock the answer
question
Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen; uses two beams of light Image may appear three-dimensional Requires a transparent specimen; Uses live, unstained specimens
answer
Differential Interference Contrast
Unlock the answer
question
Uses UV light Fluorescent substances absorb UV light and emit visible light Cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes (fluorochromes) Often used to highlight specific proteins or molecules in the cell
answer
Fluorescence
Unlock the answer
question
Cells are stained with fluorochrome dyes Uses point illumination, as opposed to lighting the entire specimen (like with fluorescent microscopy) The light illuminates each plane in a specimen to produce a three-dimensional image
answer
Confocal
Unlock the answer
question
Measures sound waves that are reflected back from an object Used to study cells attached to a surface Resolution 1 µm
answer
Scanning Acoustic Microscope
Unlock the answer
question
Uses electrons instead of light The shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution Used to observe structures that are too small to be observed by light microscopes, such as viruses and internal structures of the cell
answer
Electron Microscope
Unlock the answer
question
Uses ultra-thin sections of specimens Light passes through specimen, then an electromagnetic lens, to a screen or film Specimens may be stained with heavy metal salts 10,000-100,000; resolution 2.5 nm
answer
Transmission Electron Microscope
Unlock the answer
question
An electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scans the surface of a whole specimen Secondary electrons emitted from the specimen produce the image
answer
Scanning Electron Microscope
Unlock the answer
question
Staining the background instead of the cell is called
answer
negative staining
Unlock the answer
question
may be used to hold the stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it
answer
mordant
Unlock the answer
question
One circular chromosome, not enclosed in a membrane No histones (proteins that bind chromosomes) No organelles Peptidoglycan cell walls if Bacteria Pseudomurein cell walls if Archaea Divide by binary fission
answer
Prokaryote
Unlock the answer
question
Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane Histones Organelles Polysaccharide, simple cell walls (if present) Cell division by mitosis
answer
Eukaryote
Unlock the answer
question
clusters
answer
staph
Unlock the answer
question
chains
answer
strept
Unlock the answer
question
Sugar coat surrounding cells Outside cell wall Usually sticky If organized and firmly attached to cell wall= capsule If unorganized and loosely attached= slime layer
answer
glycocalyx
Unlock the answer
question
Important for motility (movement) Outside cell wall Made of chains of flagellin Attached to a protein hook Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
answer
Flagella
Unlock the answer
question
Also called endoflagella In spirochetes Anchored at one end of a cell Rotation in corkscrew-like motion causes cell to move Similar in structure to flagella
answer
Axial Filaments
Unlock the answer
question
allow attachment Involved in forming biofilms and adhering to epithelial cells
answer
fimbriae
Unlock the answer
question
Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another Gliding motility Twitching motility
answer
pili
Unlock the answer
question
thick layer of peptidoglycan
answer
gram positive
Unlock the answer
question
thin layer of peptidoglycan
answer
gram negative
Unlock the answer
question
Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
answer
Simple diffusion
Unlock the answer
question
Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.
answer
Facilitated diffusion
Unlock the answer
question
Energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) drives substances across the plasma membrane with the aid of carrier molecules.
answer
Active transport
Unlock the answer
question
water moves into cell
answer
hypotonic
Unlock the answer
question
water moves out of cell
answer
hypertonic
Unlock the answer
question
water in equilibrium
answer
isotonic
Unlock the answer
question
Larger prokaryotic cells lost their cell walls and engulfed or "swallowed" smaller cells
answer
Endosymbiotic Theory
Unlock the answer
question
Return to vegetative (active) state
answer
germination
Unlock the answer
question
endospore formation
answer
sporulation
Unlock the answer
