question

Side effects that occur in patient tissues while they are on antimicrobic drugs include all the following except

answer

development of resistance to the drug.

question

Which of the following antimicrobials is contraindicated for children due to permanent tooth discoloration?

answer

Tetracycline

question

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobics include

answer

-synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure. -bacterial chromosomal mutations. -prevention of drug entry into the cell. -alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.

question

Most antimicrobial drugs are derived from which two bacterial and which two fungal genera?

answer

-Bacillus -Streptomyces (bacterial) -penicillium -cephalosporium (Fungal)

question

A "shotgun" approach to antimicrobial therapy involves

answer

Using a broad spectrum drug so that the chance of killing the pathogen is greater

question

Please select the strategies that can be used to reduce the level of antimicrobial drug resistance

answer

-prescribing antibiotics only for accurately diagnosed bacterial infections -restricting use of newly developed antibiotics to those situations when the etiology can agent has been shown to be resistant to more traditional antibiotics -limiting the use of antibiotics in animal feed

question

An issue with these harmful species can arise with the use of a ___________spectrum antimicrobial drug

answer

Broad

question

A drug with this spectrum of activity will destroy _____________regardless of their positive role in human health

answer

Microbes

question

Most body surfaces and outer openings of body tracts are normally colonized by a population of microorganisms referred to as the ________________

answer

Microflora

question

With the population of "good" microbes reduced, the resident microbes that are normally kept at small numbers can overgrown and cause ____________

answer

Disease

question

An antimicrobial drug that is effective against a very diverse array of bacteria is described as _____________spectrum, whereas a drug that is very selective for just a few types of bacteria is described as ______________spectrum

answer

Broad; narrow

question

Which antimicrobic does not inhibit cell wall synthesis?

answer

Gentamicin

question

Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms hat can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called

answer

Antibiotics

question

All of the following could be reasons why antimicrobic treatment fails

answer

-not completing the full course of treatment -diminished a gastrointestinal absorption due to an underlying condition or age -the inability of the drug to diffuse into the infected body compartment -a mixed infection where some of the pathogens are drug resistant

question

Please choose the term used to describe the type of antimicrobial resistance that is of most concern today

answer

Acquired

question

Salvarsan

answer

Used to treat syphillis

question

Drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources

answer

Semisynthetic drug

question

Drugs that are completely synthesized in the laboratory by chemical reactions

answer

Synthetic drug

question

Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganism that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms

answer

Antibiotic

question

Resistance factor plasmids are transferred to other bacterial cells during transformation, transduction, and conjugation

answer

True

question

Please select the term that encompasses adverse responses to antimicrobial drugs such as hives, respiratory difficulties, and anaphylaxis

answer

Allergic reactions

question

Ciprofloxacin is used to treat viral respiratory infections

answer

False

question

Sulfonamides

answer

Are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis

question

Please select the theee major mechanisms by which antimicrobial resistance genes are shares and spread among microbial populations

answer

Conjugation, transduction, transformation

question

Antibiotics are derived from all of the following except

answer

Staphylococcus

question

Please select the 5 primary modes of actions of antimicrobial drugs

answer

1)inhibition of protein synthesis 2)inhibition of cell wall synthesis 3)blocking key metabolic pathways 4) disruption of cell membrane structure or function 5)disruption of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) structure or function

question

The Kirby-Bauer test uses an agar surface, seeded with the test bacterium, to which small discs containing a specific concentration of several drugs are placed on the surface

answer

True

question

Please select the 3 most important considerations in selection and administration of antimicrobial drug therapy

answer

1) the overall medical condition of the patient 2) the nature of the microorganism causing the infection 3)the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the microorganism causing the infection

question

A narrow spectrum antimicrobial would be an appropriate choice to treat an abscess caused by several different microbe species, including both gram-negative & gram-positive bacteria

answer

False

question

Please choose the statement that best describes superinfection

answer

A secondary infection that occurs during antimicrobial therapy, caused by overgrowth of a drug-resistant residents of the microbiota

question

Aminoglycosides

answer

Attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis

question

Antimicrobic effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed

answer

Broad-spectrum drugs

question

A ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the

answer

therapeutic index (TI).

question

Please select all of the antimicrobial drugs that block protein synthesis.

answer

Tetracycline, chloramphenicol, amikacin, and erythromycin

question

Drug susceptibility testing

answer

determines the pathogen's response to various antimicrobics

question

The drug that can cause aplastic anemia, and is used to treat typhoid fever and brain abscesses is

answer

chloramphenicol

question

A superinfection results from

answer

decrease in most normal flora with overgrowth of an unaffected species.

question

Antimicrobics effective against only gram-positive bacteria would be termed

answer

narrow-spectrum drugs

question

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's normal flora often cause

answer

superinfections.

question

A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobics in broth, and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen. What is this microbiologist setting up?

answer

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

question

The ratio of the toxic dose of an antimicrobial drug (that is toxic to humans) to its minimum therapeutic dose is the _________.

answer

therapeutic index

question

Please choose the major challenge of antiviral therapy.

answer

Viruses rely on the metabolic system of the host cell

question

Important characteristics of antimicrobic drugs include

answer

-readily delivered to the site of infection. -do not cause serious side effects in humans. -remains active in body tissues and fluids. -high toxicity against microbial cells.

question

Please select the two correct answers to test your understanding of the primary goals of antimicrobial treatment

answer

destroy and eradicate the infective agent while producing no toxic effects within the host

question

Why has the United States and Europe banned the use of human drugs in animal feeds?

answer

Because it contributes to the growing drug resistance problem

question

Please choose the method of antimicrobial susceptibility testing that involves measuring and evaluating zones of inhibition around antibiotic disks placed on a culture of bacteria prior to incubation

answer

Kirby-Bauer test

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