question

The transition of the United States from an agrarian, rural society with self-employed farmers, shopkeepers, blacksmiths, and shoemakers to one where most workers sell their labor for a wage or a salary was largely a smooth and relatively painless process.

answer

False

question

The first national unions in the U.S. began to develop during the early 1900's.

answer

False

question

The first unions in the U.S. were focused at the local level, representing a single craft or trade.

answer

True

question

The National Labor Union was one large union that directly represented workers from many trades, crafts, and industries.

answer

False

question

The Great Uprising of 1877 was successful in improving labor relations between workers and winning wage increases and reductions in hours of work.

answer

False

question

The Knights of Labor is generally considered an example of an "uplift union" due to its mission to elevate the moral, intellectual, and social lives of workers.

answer

True

question

The Knights of Labor was an exclusive union that allowed only certain types of workers to join its ranks while not allowing other types of workers (e.g., women and minorities) to join.

answer

False

question

The ultimate goal of the Knights of Labor was to replace capitalism with producer cooperatives.

answer

True

question

The Knights of Labor was a militant union that advocated the use of strikes and boycotts as weapons that would force management to concede to their demands.

answer

False

question

The central conflict for the Knights of Labor was not with business owners, but rather with those who were perceived as controlling wealth, without actually producing it.

answer

True

question

The Knights of Labor orchestrated the Hay Market rally as a way to draw attention to the union's goal of an eight-hour workday.

answer

False

question

The AFL (1886) was formed out of the frustration of workers who felt that unions, such as the Knights of Labor, were not effective in addressing everyday working issues.

answer

True

question

The AFL was originally one big labor union that directly represented its workers in negotiations, strikes, and grievances.

answer

False

question

Despite the AFL's emphasis on immediate improvements to working conditions, it was also intent on changing the basic economic structure of the U.S. economy from ownership control to worker control of business.

answer

False

question

The AFL concept of exclusive jurisdiction held that workers of a particular craft (or trade) should be represented by just one union that would only represent that one craft (or trade).

answer

True

question

One key difference between the AFL and the Knights of Labor is that the AFL focused primarily on skilled crafts while the KOL included both skilled and unskilled crafts.

answer

True

question

An important function of the AFL was to resolve disputes that arose between member unions seeking to represent the same workers.

answer

True

question

A primary function of the AFL was to establish work rules designed to set and maintain working standards while protecting the skills and standards of the craft or trade.

answer

True

question

The Homestead Strike of the Iron and Steel workers in Homestead, PA is representative of the struggle in the late 1800's between worker control over their own working conditions and management's right to unilaterally establish working conditions.

answer

True

question

In the late 1800's, AFL-affiliated unions embraced workers of all kinds, including women, minorities, and unskilled workers.

answer

False

question

Revolutionary unions tend to object to an economic system that allows the means of production in society to be owned by certain individuals while the rest of society must work for a wage.

answer

True

question

Syndicalism refers to the strategy employed by the IWW to win gains in terms and conditions of employment through direct worker actions such as strikes, sabotage, and passive resistance.

answer

True

question

The IWW was created out of frustration with the AFL because the AFL was more accepting of the current power structure within the U.S. and was not doing enough to fight against the repression of workers by judges, armed forces, and business leaders.

answer

True

question

Radical tactics such as those used by the IWW have proven to be effective in persuading employers to accept unions and bargain with them over terms and conditions of employment.

answer

False

question

Between the early 1900's and 1930, employers advocated open shops in which all workers, regardless of race, gender, or union status, would be given an equal opportunity to work for them.

answer

False

question

The "open shop" movement of the early 1900's was a large scale effort by employers to close workplaces to individuals who were unionized or who had an interest in union representation.

answer

True

question

The open shop movement criticized closed shop arrangements because they took away employee rights to freely determine where they wanted to work, and on what terms.

answer

True

question

The open shop movement emphasized employer rights to freely make decisions regarding their property and business but downplayed worker rights to choose where to work and on what terms.

answer

False

question

The open shop movement of the early 1900's was funded by well-meaning workers who were concerned about the impact of unionization on their livelihood.

answer

False

question

The result of the strike leading up to the Ludlow Massacre was union recognition and better wages, hours, and working conditions for miners in the coal mines of Colorado.

answer

False

question

Welfare capitalism was a method of management that sought to discourage unionization using intimidation and threats.

answer

False

question

The aim of welfare capitalism was to increase worker loyalty to the employer and improve supervisory practices that would create a more positive work environment.

answer

True

question

The most controversial part of welfare capitalism was the attempt to provide workers with voice in the workplace using employee representation plans or unions established by the company.

answer

True

question

While many people worked in deplorable conditions in the U.S. during the late 1800's and early 1900's, it wasn't until after the Great Depression that broad support for labor reform was by the general public.

answer

True

question

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal program was consistent with the unitarist view of labor relations advocated by the human resource management school of thought.

answer

True

question

During and after the Great Depression, it was rare for unions to strike.

answer

False

question

The rise in union membership after 1935 was due to increased legislative protections for unionization and a surge in craft unionism.

answer

False

question

Industrial unions challenged the power of craft unions at a time when craft unions were struggling with jurisdictional fights and problems coordinating the efforts of various local unions.

answer

True

question

The CIO formed because leaders of the AFL refused to represent the low skilled mass production workers in industries such as steel, automobiles, and textiles.

answer

True

question

The National Labor Relations Act had an immediate, positive impact on employer's willingness to accept unions in the workplace and to bargain with them over the wages, hours and working conditions of their members.

answer

False

question

Between 1936 and 1941, employers used intimidation and force to control workers in auto and steel industries and hired labor spies to infiltrate their unions.

answer

True

question

The General Motors sit-down strike in 1936 was so successful that a wave of unionization followed throughout the auto industry.

answer

True

question

When the CIO formed in 1938, it was much weaker than the AFL and did not pose much of a threat to AFL membership.

answer

False

question

In the early days of the CIO, one of the key features that distinguished it from the AFL was an acceptance of minorities, immigrants, and women into the union.

answer

True

question

During the 1930s, membership in the AFL grew significantly due its emphasis on unionizing small employers rather than large manufacturing companies.

answer

True

question

The National War Labor Board was a tripartite board consisting of representatives from business, labor, and government and was responsible for settling labor disputes during WWII.

answer

True

question

The National War Labor Board was instrumental in institutionalizing and legitimating unions in the United States because it provided a legal forum that recognized the role of unions in representing worker needs.

answer

True

question

World War II was followed by a period of intense strike activity.

answer

True

question

The Great Strike Wave of 1945-46 resulted from pent-up frustrations over declining purchasing power and management attempts to reassert control over management decisions after World War II ended.

answer

True

question

The outcome of the Great Strike Wave of 1945-46 was to reinforce the role of labor as a negotiating partner over wages, benefits and seniority and as a partner in making decisions regarding production and management of businesses.

answer

False

question

The AFL and CIO merged in 1955 largely to decrease competition between rival unions and increase their power in dealing with management.

answer

True

question

Since the 1960s, union membership in the public sector has seen a dramatic decline.

answer

False

question

While racism and discrimination were significant problems in the larger social fabric of the U.S. during the 1960s, labor unions were instrumental in providing protection and relief from discrimination.

answer

False

question

Labor-management relations in the 1980s was characterized by concession bargaining, job loss, and the decline of manufacturing in the U.S.

answer

True

question

Some historians argue that the PATCO strike re-established a tone, or pattern of adversarial labor-management relations and union suppression in the U.S. that is still felt today.

answer

True

question

While the late 1900s proved to be a challenging time for the labor movement, in the 21st century unions have enjoyed a resurgence of power.

answer

False

question

Today a general unionism model has largely replaced both craft and industrial unionism.

answer

True

question

In 2005, the AFL-CIO split into rival AFL and CIO union federations, divided along craft and industrial lines.

answer

False

question

In response to increasing internationalization of business, U.S. unions have been aggressively fostering international labor solidarity as a way to maintain their bargaining strength.

answer

False

question

In the earliest years of our country's formation, work was characterized as: A. Skilled industrial jobs. B. Craft workers employed by factories and shop owners. C. Self-employed farmers, shopkeepers and craftsman. D. Unskilled industrial jobs.

answer

C

question

The first permanent union in the U.S. is attributed to the: A. textile industry. B. railroad industry. C. shoemakers' industry. D. auto industry.

answer

C

question

Which of the following was formed first? A. Industrial unions. B. Business unions. C. National unions. D. Craft unions.

answer

D

question

The first national labor unions began to develop in the 1850s, due in part to: A. The advent of the rail industry which made it easier for union leaders to travel to various organizing points. B. Powerful labor leaders. C. Favorable legislation and courts that were friendly toward unions. D. Increasing emphasis on craft development.

answer

A

question

The first U.S. labor unions were organized by A. Industry, with a focus on local employment issues. B. Industry, with a focus on national employment issues. C. Craft lines, with a focus on local employment issues. D. Craft lines, with a focus on national employment issues.

answer

C

question

The first federation of U.S. labor organizations representing unions from different occupations and industries was: A. The American Federation of Labor. B. The Congress of Industrial Organizations. C. The Industrial Workers of the World. D. The National Labor Union.

answer

D

question

The Great Uprising of 1877 was primarily a conflict between: A. Coal miners and coal mine owners. B. Citizens and the state government. C. Capital owners and workers in many industries and locations. D. Railroad workers and railroad owners.

answer

C

question

The quote, "This and other considerations have convinced us that if we resort to political action at all, we must keep clear of entangling alliances. With a distinct workingman's party in the field, there can be no distrust, no want of confidence" can be attributed to the leader of which of the following unions: A. The Industrial Workers of the World. B. The American Federation of Labor. C. The Knights of Labor. D. The National Labor Union.

answer

D

question

The National Labor Union was a distinctly different type of union from other unions because it worked toward: A. Producer and worker cooperatives. B. Creating a national labor political party. C. Better education. D. Work hours reform.

answer

B

question

Which of the following is not seen as a precursor to the Great Uprising of 1877? A. The hanging 10 miners who allegedly killed some mine owners. B. Massive unemployment and an economic depression. C. Widespread and large wage cuts for the working class. D. Parades and protests for an 8 hour work day.

answer

D

question

During the mid-1880's, which national labor union was at its peak in terms of power? A. Industrial Workers of the World. B. Knights of Labor. C. National Labor Union. D. American Federation of Labor.

answer

B

question

Which of the following unions is typically considered to be an uplift union? A. Industrial Workers of the World. B. American Federation of Labor. C. National Labor Union. D. Knights of Labor.

answer

D

question

For the Knights of Labor, the central conflict that needed to be won was between: A. Workers and their employers. B. Anyone considered a "producer" (i.e., farmers, shopkeepers, and employers) and those who controlled money (i.e., bankers, stockbrokers, lawyers). C. Workers and those who controlled money (i.e., bankers, stockbrokers, lawyers, employers). D. Workers and government officials.

answer

B

question

In the Knights of Labor's vision for the future, businesses would be owned by: A. Cooperatives made up of workers employed by the business . B. Bankers, lawyers, and stockbrokers who could best control the flow of money into the economy. C. Cooperatives made up of the producers of the goods and services they produced. These would include both workers and their employers. D. Cooperatives made up of employers whereby multiple capital owners would join together to finance businesses.

answer

C

question

Which labor union believed that while work was necessary to provide for both personal and psychological needs of individuals, it was also key to serving God? A. National Labor Union. B. Knights of Labor. C. Industrial Workers of the World. D. American Federation of Labor.

answer

B

question

To achieve gains for its members, the Knights of Labor focused primarily on A. Strikes and boycotts. B. Violent riots. C. Sit down strikes. D. Education and reforming capitalism.

answer

D

question

The significance of the Haymarket Square Riot, starting with the battle between strikers and their replacements at McCormick Reaper Works was: A. It signaled the decline of unions in the U.S. B. It was instrumental in turning public opinion away from employers and toward unions. C. It resulted in better wages, hours, and working conditions for McCormick employees. D. It weakened the Knights of Labor even though the union had encouraged workers not to strike.

answer

D

question

The American Federation of Labor arose out of frustration with: A. The National Labor Union's focus on craft unionism, which excluded industrial workers from its ranks. B. The Knights of Labor's failure to address everyday working issues. C. The Industrial Workers of the World's militant organizing tactics. D. The CIO's exclusive focus on industrial unionism.

answer

B

question

In 1886, a Chicago rally to protest police repression of strikers turned violent when a bomb was thrown into the police ranks and police fired into the departing crowd. This incident is known as: A. The Homestead Strike. B. The Ludlow Massacre. C. The May Day Riots. D. The Haymarket Tragedy.

answer

D

question

Which of the following was not a primary function of the American Federation of Labor? A. Arbiter of disputes between local unions over jurisdiction. B. Coordinator of the bargaining and strike activities of several unions. C. Direct negotiator with employers over wages, hours and working conditions. D. Initiator of new union organizing drives.

answer

C

question

The major strategy of the unions of the American Federation of Labor focused on A. Collective bargaining and the threat of strikes. B. Political action and lobbying. C. Education and enlightenment. D. Violence and sabotage.

answer

A

question

The American Federation of Labor focused its organizing efforts on: A. Craft workers of all kinds. B. Industrial workers (i.e., all workers within an industry). C. Workers of all kinds (craftsmen, industrial workers, farmers, etc.) D. Skilled craft workers.

answer

D

question

A typical newspaper company in the early part of the 20th century might employ both printers and "newsies" (young men and boys who sold the papers). Which of the following best illustrates the AFL's concept of exclusive jurisdiction? A. One union should represent both the printers and newsies. B. One union should represent the printers but could also represent other workers, say shoemakers at a local shoemaking company. C. One union should represent the printers and only the printers while another union should represent the newsies (and only the newsies). D. The printers are represented by both the printers' union and the newsies' union.

answer

C

question

An important activity of the AFL unions was establishing and maintaining: A. Job standards through work rules. B. Union loyalty through secret rituals and codes. C. Moral principles through education and individual reform. D. Operating rules for local unions.

answer

A

question

The American Federation of Labor believed that allowing skilled craftsmen to establish and enforce their own work rules and work standards would: A. Promote their dignity of workers. B. Reinforce their ability to participate in a democratic society. C. Maintain high standards of the craft. D. All of the above.

answer

D

question

The Homestead strike in 1892 and the Pullman strike in 1894 were representative of the clash between employers and the AFL over who had the right to establish: A. Working conditions. B. Work standards and production decisions. C. Wage rates D. Hours of work

answer

B

question

In the early 1900s, the richest 1 percent of households in America controlled the greatest concentration of wealth in U.S. history at: A. 75 percent. B. 15 percent. C. 50 percent. D. 45 percent.

answer

D

question

Which of the following unions is most accurately described as a revolutionary union? A. The American Federation of Labor. B. The United Auto Workers. C. The Industrial Workers of the World. D. The Knights of Labor.

answer

C

question

Which union's philosophy is rooted in critical industrial relations school of thought: A. The American Federation of Labor. B. The National Labor Union. C. The Knights of Labor. D. The Industrial Workers of the World.

answer

D

question

The Industrial Workers of the World was born in part out of frustration over the: A. AFL's willingness to settle for small, day to day gains, in light of the oppressive work practices of the ownership class. B. CIO's emphasis on industrial unionism at the expense of crafts and tradespeople. C. KOL's failure to recognize the day-to-day struggles of the working class. D. NLU's inability to organize a national federation of labor unions that could support each other in times of struggle.

answer

A

question

The significance of the Industrial Workers of the World was: A. It focused on reforming the political system by forming a labor party in the United States. B. It was willing to use violence and radical measures to gain rights for workers. C. It was focused primarily on business issues like getting more pay and better working conditions. D. It provided an alternative to general unionism by focusing primarily on craft unionism.

answer

B

question

Revolutionary unionism tries to create ____________________ solidarity rather than solidarity by occupation or industry: A. Workplace. B. Working class. C. Stakeholder. D. Ethnic.

answer

B

question

A central goal of the American Federation of Labor was to ensure that workplaces were: A. Closed to anyone who did not belong to the union. B. Open to all workers. C. Open to all men (but excluding women and minorities). D. Closed to skilled craftsmen.

answer

A

question

A workplace that is open only to workers who belong to the union is known as: A. A welfare shop. B. An open shop. C. A closed shop. D. An agency shop.

answer

A

question

The hypocrisy of the open shop movement was that: A. Employers wanted businesses to be open to all consumers but closed to unions. B. Employers painted collective action of workers as an infringement upon individual liberty while they themselves acted collectively to prevent unionization. C. Unions said they were there to represent all workers but actually they only represented those that belonged to the union. D. Courts were willing to issue injunctions against unions who went out on strike.

answer

B

question

Which of the following is sometimes argued to be the beginning of today's strategic human resource management and high performance workplaces? A. Industrial unionism. B. Syndicalism. C. Welfare capitalism. D. General unionism.

answer

C

question

The biggest criticism of welfare unionism was: A. Employees felt patronized and belittled by employers. B. It was considered to be a form of bribery in which employers bought the cooperation of employees. C. Employers tried to provide industrial democracy through the use of company unions. D. It was ineffective at preventing workers from unionizing.

answer

C

question

Welfare capitalism is characterized by: A. Worker cooperatives or worker-owned companies that redistribute wealth in such a way as to eliminate the need for welfare programs. B. Management systems that emphasize orderly hiring and firing procedures, wage incentives, protective insurance, positive work culture, and employee voice. C. Taxes on the rich which are then redistributed to unemployed workers. D. A free trade system which results in a high concentration of wealth among a very few and large numbers of people on welfare.

answer

B

question

The most hotly debated characteristic of welfare capitalism today is: A. It is paternalistic in nature—treating employees as if they were children. B. It attempts to provide employees with voice through company dominated unions or employee representation groups. C. It created a division within labor between those who had "generous" employers and those that did not. D. the degree of control employees had over employer decisions.

answer

B

question

A significant change in American societal beliefs regarding the role of big business in ensuring prosperity for all occurred following: A. The Great Uprising. B. World War I. C. The Great Depression. D. World War II.

answer

C

question

The rise in unionization after the passage of the National Labor Relations Act was largely due to: A. Increased strength of the AFL's craft unionism movement. B. A resurgence of militant unionism by the IWW. C. A strong general unionism movement. D. The rise in industrial unionism.

answer

D

question

Which of the following is not a reason that attempts to unionize the steel industry in the early 1900s failed? A. Unions wasted resources fighting over jurisdictional issues. B. There was little union interest in organizing steelworkers. C. Steel companies used aggressive tactics of the open shop movement. D. Individual unions refused to cooperate together to fight the steel companies.

answer

B

question

The CIO formed as a result of: A. Differences with the AFL over unionization by industry, rather than by craft. B. Differences with the AFL over who should lead the union. C. A need for broader representation of skilled craftsworkers. D. The high concentration of power with the AFL.

answer

A

question

Unlike the AFL, the CIO's attitude toward women in the union was: A. That they should be encouraged to join the union and allowed positions of leadership. B. That they should be excluded from the union. C. That they should be encouraged to join but relegated to a minor role in leading the union. D. That they should not be allowed to join but their support would be welcomed.

answer

C

question

A key difference between the AFL and the CIO in their early years was: A. The CIO relied more heavily on aggressive tactics such as sit-down strikes. B. The AFL had close ties to radical groups such as communists and socialists. C. The AFL welcomed women into its ranks. D. The CIO embraced a business union model.

answer

A

question

In the years immediately following WWII, labor relations in the United States were characterized by: A. Several years of industrial peace in which labor and management resolved workplace disputes cooperatively. B. A two-year period of industrial peace during which the National War Labor Board helped to resolve workplace disputes. C. A two-year period of industrial conflict which was manifested in a great number of strikes. D. A brief period of strikes lasting about two months, followed by several years of industrial peace.

answer

C

question

The AFL and the CIO merged in 1955 because: A. The CIO finally agreed that craft unionism was the most appropriate model. B. They needed to band together to compete with the Teamsters Union. C. The two unions were expending considerable resources raiding each other for members. D. The AFL finally agreed that industrial unionism was the most appropriate model for representing workers.

answer

C

question

The National War Labor Board, created during WWI and WWII, was intended to: A. Prevent unions and management from bargaining over wages, hours, and working conditions. B. Set pay and benefits rates for major industries during the wars. C. Resolve labor disputes that arose during the wars. D. Hear and investigate charges of unfair labor practices against employers.

answer

C

question

In the 1950s, the labor movement was generally portrayed as: A. Forceful institutions that effectively achieved justice for the working class. B. Corrupt institutions that took advantage of the working class. C. Weak institutions incapable of representing the best interests of workers. D. Modest institutions that played only a minor role in the American workplace.

answer

B

question

Today private sector union density is around: A. 50 percent. B. 20 percent. C. 10 percent. D. 65 percent.

answer

C

question

Today the strongest segment of unionization is: A. Craft workers. B. Industrial workers. C. Public sector workers. D. Militant workers.

answer

C

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