question

The practice of management is both an art and a science

answer

TRUE

question

Proponents of evidence-based management would say there are few really new ideas

answer

TRUE

question

Evidence-based management means translating principles from promising new theories into organizational practice.

answer

FALSE

question

Peter Drucker was the author of The Practice of Management and has been described as the creator and inventor of modern management.

answer

TRUE

question

Part of evidence-based management is understanding the potential danger in conventional wisdom about management.

answer

TRUE

question

The contemporary perspective of management includes three viewpoints: systems, behavioral, and quantitative.

answer

FALSE

question

The quantitative viewpoint on management is part of the historical perspective.

answer

TRUE

question

Because of radical changes to modern business practice, theoretical perspectives of management provide a historical context but unfortunately do not enhance understanding of the present.

answer

FALSE

question

Studying theoretical perspectives of management can be a source of new ideas.

answer

TRUE

question

Shanice recently took a management job in the book publishing industry, which is undergoing dramatic change. She should study theoretical perspectives of management to help her predict some of the probable outcomes of this change and help her decide on potential strategy going forward.

answer

TRUE

question

Telecommunication company Cisco Systems abandoned its "management councils" experiment, which had replaced a traditional hierarchical structure, because the councils slowed decision making.

answer

TRUE

question

The classical viewpoint emphasized ways to manage work more independently.

answer

FALSE

question

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were chief proponents of administrative management.

answer

FALSE

question

A "therblig," a term coined by Frank Gilbreth, is a unit of motion in the workplace.

answer

TRUE

question

The two branches of the classical viewpoint of management are rational and bureaucratic.

answer

FALSE

question

The central assumption in classical management is that people are self-interested.

answer

FALSE

question

Peter was having a hard time concentrating on work on Friday afternoon. He had friends visiting for the weekend and he kept checking his phone and his Facebook page to solidify his plans. He certainly wasn't working as hard as he could have been, something that scientific management theorist Frederick Taylor would have called "soldiering."

answer

TRUE

question

Motion studies were used to assess and improve efficiency as part of the classical viewpoint

answer

TRUE

question

As part of the scientific management viewpoint, Taylor suggested paying all employees doing the same job the same wage.

answer

FALSE

question

Under the differential rate system proposed by Frederick Taylor, employees should be paid on the basis of seniority.

answer

FALSE

question

Administrative management is most concerned with the jobs of individuals

answer

FALSE

question

The first person to identify the major functions of management was Henri Fayol.

answer

TRUE

question

Bureaucracy, as conceptualized by Max Weber, was his ideal way to structure an organization.

answer

TRUE

question

Max Weber felt that impersonality was a positive attribute of an organization that would lead to better performance.

answer

TRUE

question

One of the problems with the classical viewpoint is that its principles are too focused on human needs rather than on organizational ones.

answer

FALSE

question

Fast-food companies including McDonald's have used job specialization, and time and motion studies to increase productivity. This reflects the important contributions of the quantitative viewpoint of management.

answer

FALSE

question

Motivating employees toward achievement is a focus of the classical viewpoint of management.

answer

FALSE

question

Douglas McGregor was one of the pioneers of early behaviorism.

answer

FALSE

question

Hugo Munsterberg suggested that psychologists could contribute to industry by studying jobs and determining which people are best suited to specific jobs.

answer

TRUE

question

Among Mary Parker Follett's most important contributions to management was her belief that conflicts within organization should be resolved to mutual satisfaction through a process called integration.

answer

TRUE

question

The idea that workers become more productive if they think that managers care about their welfare is called the "Hawthorne Effect."

answer

TRUE

question

The Hawthorne studies have been criticized for poor design and a lack of empirical data to support the conclusions, so the findings cannot be applied to modern management.

answer

FALSE

question

Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor were theorists in the human relations movement.

answer

TRUE

question

Abraham Maslow would say that some human needs must be satisfied before others.

answer

TRUE

question

Jaclyn is a manager who keeps a tight rein on her staff since she thinks they would not work without supervision. She doubts their commitment to the company and even to their own development. She is a Theory Y manager.

answer

FALSE

question

Because the human relations movement was considered too simplistic for practical use, it has been superseded by the behavioral science approach to management.

answer

TRUE

question

The management theory that draws from the disciplines of psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics is the management science approach.

answer

FALSE

question

Behavioral science research has shown that competition is superior to cooperation in promoting achievement and productivity.

answer

FALSE

question

The behavioral science approach to management has its roots in techniques created for American and British military personnel and equipment in World War II.

answer

FALSE

question

The application to management of techniques such as statistics and computer simulations is known as quantitative management.

answer

TRUE

question

Oscar is a manager of a downtown hotel and is currently considering the pricing of rooms for the upcoming holiday season. He would be wise to use the mathematical tools of management science to help him with this decision.

answer

TRUE

question

Facilities management is concerned with work scheduling, productions planning, and optimal levels of inventory.

answer

FALSE

question

Over the years, Toyota has used a variety of operations management-based "lean management" techniques to sell its cars on the basis of superior quality.

answer

TRUE

question

A set of interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a common purpose is called a system.

answer

TRUE

question

For a jewelry designer, gold and silver rings, earrings, and bracelets are considered system inputs.

answer

FALSE

question

Feedback is one of the four parts of a system.

answer

TRUE

question

Sales data would be considered feedback in a system.

answer

TRUE

question

In a closed system, an organization's outputs are recycled to become inputs.

answer

FALSE

question

Netflix's business suffered when it failed to use an open system in its decision to introduce a large price increase while simultaneously splitting its DVD mail service from its streaming one.

answer

TRUE

question

One reason for the success of the Tommy Hilfiger clothing brand in the 1990s was maintaining a closed system with respect to young consumers' feedback by conducting research in music clubs.

answer

FALSE

question

Continuous learning in an organization is more likely to occur in an open system than in a closed one.

answer

TRUE

question

The contingency viewpoint began to develop when managers discovered that a variety of different mathematical models can be applied for problem solving and decision making.

answer

FALSE

question

The manager following the contingency viewpoint would ask, "What management method is the best to use under these particular circumstances?"

answer

TRUE

question

Gary Hamel, cofounder of the Management Innovation Lab, believes than management innovation can be improved by identifying and sometimes challenging core beliefs that people have about an organization.

answer

TRUE

question

According to Harvard psychology professor Ellen Langer, one barrier to flexibility is mindlessness.

answer

TRUE

question

The total ability of a product or service to meet customer needs is known as functionality.

answer

FALSE

question

Quality control focuses on the performance of workers, urging employees to strive for "zero defects."

answer

FALSE

question

Deming and Juran were part of the quality-management movement.

answer

TRUE

question

An important source of information about quality in total quality management is competitors.

answer

FALSE

question

A learning organization is one that actively creates, acquires, and transfers knowledge within itself and is able to modify itself to reflect new knowledge.

answer

TRUE

question

An information organization has three parts: creating and acquiring knowledge, transferring knowledge, and modifying behavior.

answer

FALE

question

Among the functions of a manager in a learning organization are generating and generalizing ideas with impact.

answer

TRUE

question

"True is better than new" is one of the truths of

answer

evidence-based management.

question

________ management means translating principles based on best evidence into organizational practice, bringing rationality to the decision-making process.

answer

Evidence-based

question

Classical, behavioral, and quantitative viewpoints about management are collectively referred to as the ________ perspective.

answer

historical

question

The contemporary perspective includes which of the following viewpoints?

answer

Systems

question

A good reason for studying theoretical perspectives of management is that it

answer

provides clues to the meaning of your managers' decisions.

question

Scientific and administrative management are part of the ________ viewpoint.

answer

classical

question

______ emphasized the scientific study of work methods to improve productivity of individual workers.

answer

Scientific management

question

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth identified 17 basic units of ______, each of which they called a "therblig."

answer

motion

question

Fredrick Taylor and the Gilbreths were proponents of which of the following?

answer

Scientific management

question

Taylor called the tendency for people to deliberately work at less than full capacity

answer

soldiering.

question

Which of the following is not one of the principles proposed by Fredrick Taylor to eliminate soldiering?

answer

Reward employees equally and consistently.

question

Melissa runs a residential-cleaning service and has noticed that some of her staff are much more efficient than others and can clean a house in about half the average time. She would like to reward these workers with a higher wage by implementing what would be known by Taylor as a(n)

answer

differential rate system.

question

Which of the following is not a part of Fredrick Taylors's work in scientific management?

answer

Hierarchy of human needs

question

__________ was concerned with managing the total organization and was pioneered by Fayol and Weber.

answer

Administrative management

question

Of the following, which is one of the functions of management described by Fayol?

answer

Coordinating

question

Which of the following was a positive feature of bureaucracy, according to Max Weber?

answer

Clear division of labor.

question

The most significant flaw in the classical viewpoint is that it

answer

discounts the importance of human needs.

question

The essence of the classical viewpoint is that

answer

a rational approach can be used to boost productivity.

question

McDonald's ability to deliver food quickly and inexpensively has its roots in which management theory?

answer

Classical viewpoint

question

Which of the following viewpoints emphasized the importance of understanding human actions and of motivating employees toward achievement?

answer

Behavioral viewpoint

question

Which of the following is one of the phases in the development of the behavioral viewpoint?

answer

Human relations movement

question

Who was known as "the father of industrial psychology"?

answer

Hugo Munsterberg

question

Camille runs a consulting business that assists in the hiring process, using a team of psychologists to help companies to better understand their specific jobs and the type of employees that are best suited to fill them. Her business relies on the work of which behavioral theory pioneer?

answer

Hugo Munsterberg

question

Among the recommendations of Mary Parker Follett was that

answer

integration should occur in organizations when conflicts arise.

question

The idea that the work process should be under the control of workers with the relevant knowledge, rather than that of managers, who should act as facilitators, was developed by

answer

Mary Parker Follet.

question

Which research, though flawed, drew attention to the idea that managers using good human relations could improve worker productivity?

answer

The Hawthorne studies

question

Who proposed the hierarchy of human needs as a theory of motivation?

answer

Maslow

question

An optimistic view of workers that envisions them as capable of accepting responsibility and working in a self-directed manner is representative of

answer

Theory Y.

question

Amanda was a tough manager and made it a regular practice to check up on her staff, looking for cheating on timesheets and people coming back late from lunch. Her employees were often dissatisfied with Amanda since she was a(n) ________ manager.

answer

Theory X

question

Behavioral science relies on __________ for developing theories about human behavior that can help managers.

answer

scientific research

question

Which of the following is a discipline that is part of behavioral science?

answer

Sociology

question

Behavioral science research suggests that ________ doesn't necessarily promote excellence, and actually can make people hostile.

answer

competition

question

Applying techniques like statistics and computer simulations to management are characteristic of the ______ viewpoint.

answer

quantitative

question

______ focuses on using mathematics to aid in problem solving and decision making.

answer

Management science

question

The tools of ______ are useful for UPS and FedEx in deciding how many employees and aircraft should be scheduled during the month of December.

answer

management science

question

Matt has developed a mathematical model for the film distribution company that employs him. The model will help in determining release dates and the desirable number of screens for new movies. This model is an application of

answer

management science.

question

______ focuses on managing the production and delivery of an organization's products or services more effectively.

answer

Operations management

question

Alyssa works for a large amusement park and is in charge of scheduling the sizable staff, including ride attendants, food service and janitorial employees, and character actors, in an effective manner. This work is typical of

answer

operations management.

question

Systems, contingency, and quality-management viewpoints are part of the ________ perspective.

answer

contemporary

question

The ______ viewpoint sees organizations as entities made up of interrelated parts known as inputs, outputs, transformation processes, and feedback.

answer

systems

question

Even though the Russian government is inefficient in the way it collects taxes, it is still an example of a(n)

answer

system.

question

Curran Investments has had a very profitable year in its business of providing financial advice. The profit would be considered a(n) ______ of the system.

answer

output

question

Marcus works on an assembly line for a U.S. automobile manufacturer. He would be considered a(n) ______ of this system.

answer

input

question

David is an architect, and the steps he takes in designing and drawing commercial buildings would be considered which part of his organization's system?

answer

a transformation process

question

Customers lined up for hours to be among the first to purchase the new iPad. The excitement for the product would be considered ______ in the system.

answer

feedback

question

A(n) _______ system continually interacts with its environment.

answer

open

question

Both the classical management view and the management science perspective consider an organization to be a(n) ________; as a simplification for analysis this may work, but in reality it would open up the organization to spectacular failure.

answer

closed system

question

Many technology companies are hesitant to involve customers in the development of their products, since they are trying to protect their latest products and ideas from competitors' attempts to replicate them. This typically results in a fairly ______ system.

answer

closed

question

The study of how order and pattern arise from very complicated, apparently chaotic systems is known as

answer

complexity theory.

question

The ________ viewpoint emphasizes that a manager's actions should vary according to the situation.

answer

contingency

question

Over her years as a manager, Rose has had a very diverse group of employees; some were very interested in the financial rewards the company offered while others really would prefer extra time off or even to be recognized at the monthly department meetings. Rose should consider the ______ viewpoint of management in this case.

answer

contingency

question

Which of the following approaches is characteristic of a manager using the contingency viewpoint?

answer

Assessing the characteristics of particular situation before deciding what to do.

question

Gary Hamel believes that identifying and challenging debilitating core beliefs that people have about an organization can be helpful in improving management

answer

innovation.

question

"Mindfulness" is characterized by which of the following attributes?

answer

Active engagement.

question

The strategy for minimizing errors by managing each stage of production is called

answer

quality control.

question

Statistical sampling to locate errors by testing just some of the items in a particular production run is a ______ technique.

answer

quality control

question

The fact that employees often have no control over work process design limits their ability to achieve zero defects, or

answer

quality assurance.

question

According to Deming, quality stemmed from a steady focus on the organization's mission and

answer

a reduction in production variation.

question

Deming proposed that when something goes wrong, chances are __________ that the system is at fault, and __________ that the individual worker is at fault.

answer

85%; 15%

question

Joseph Juran defined quality as ________, which meant that a product or service should satisfy a customer's real needs.

answer

fitness for use

question

The comprehensive approach dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction is known as

answer

total quality management.

question

Which of the following is not a component of TQM?

answer

Urge employees to strive for "zero defects."

question

The term learning organization was coined by

answer

Senge.

question

Organizations that actively create, acquire, and transfer knowledge within themselves and are able to modify their behavior to reflect this new knowledge are called __________ organizations.

answer

learning

question

Managers at Montaigne Prefecture Glass needed to take some important steps to get out ahead of the growing competition. Recently, new talent had been hired, the training and development budget had been doubled, and cross-functional teams were added to improve information flow. It appears that Montaigne is attempting to become a ______ organization.

answer

learning

question

Travis, an accounting manager at a hospital equipment company, has just attended software training where he learned new processes that could benefit his staff. On the plane home he began planning how he would train everyone in order to help the department reach its goals. Travis's approach is most characteristic of what type of organization?

answer

A learning organization.

question

Scott works for an organization that describes itself as a "learning organization." As a manager, which of the following actions is Scott most likely to take while working for this organization?

answer

When Scott needs another employee, he deliberately looks for someone who will bring something new to the organization.

question

To create a learning organization, managers must perform three key functions or roles: build a commitment to learning, work to generate ideas with impact, and

answer

work to generalize ideas with impact.

question

Which of the following is most likely to help build a learning organization?

answer

Create a psychologically safe environment.

question

How is management both an art and a science?

answer

Intuition, judgment, and experience are part of the successful mix of effective management. These factors are more "art" than science, and may exist in a manager without actual training in management. However, management also uses the scientific method; it observes and gathers facts, makes decisions based on the facts, makes predictions of future events, and tests the prediction under systematic conditions. These are parts of the "science" of management.

question

Why should one study different theoretical perspectives about management? Give at least three reasons.

answer

There are five good reasons for studying theoretical perspectives. The student may give any three of the following: (1) understanding of the present, (2) guide to action, (3) source of new ideas, (4) clues to meaning of your managers' decisions, (5) clues to meaning of outside events.

question

Describe the fundamental ideas underlying the classical viewpoint to management, and give at least one example of a modern practice that has its roots in this view. Compare and contrast its two approaches.

answer

The classical viewpoint is based on the assumption that people are rational. The essence of the classical viewpoint was that work activity was amenable to a rational approach, that through the application of scientific methods, time and motion studies, and job specialization it was possible to boost productivity. The classical viewpoint also led to such innovations as management by objectives and goal setting, as we explain elsewhere. The two major approaches are the scientific management approach and the administrative approach. Scientific management emphasized the scientific study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers. Two of its chief proponents were Frederick W. Taylor and the team of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Taylor used motion studies and suggested using a differential rate system. The Gilbreths expanded on Taylor's motion studies. Administrative management is concerned with managing the total organization. Among the pioneering theorists were Henri Fayol, who identified the major functions of management, and Max Weber, who advocated five positive bureaucratic features.

question

Explain the ideas emphasized by the behavioral viewpoint. List the three phases of development of the behavioral viewpoint and discuss at least one major contribution and its pioneer from each of the first two phases.

answer

The behavioral viewpoint emphasized the importance of understanding human behavior and of motivating employees toward achievement. The three phases include the early behaviorism, the human relations movement, and behavioral science. Students should describe at least one of the following: The three people who pioneered behavioral theory were Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follett, and Elton Mayo. Hugo Munsterberg was the first to apply psychology to industry and is called "the father of industrial psychology." Mary Parker Follet believed that organizations should become more democratic, with managers and employees working cooperatives. She anticipated some of today's concepts of "self-managed teams," "worker empowerment," and "interdepartmental teams." Elton Mayo conducted the Hawthorne studies, which demonstrated the Hawthorne effect, in which employees worked harder if they received added attention, if they thought that managers cared about their welfare or that supervisors paid special attention to them. Students should describe at least one of the following: The two theorists who contributed most to the human relations movement, which proposed that better human relations could increase worker productivity, were Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor. Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs in his research to study motivation. Douglas McGregor developed Theory X versus Theory Y to explain managers' attitudes toward employees.

question

Explain the emphasis of the quantitative viewpoint. Describe the two major approaches to this viewpoint.

answer

The quantitative viewpoint emphasizes that mathematically based techniques can help managers be more effective. The two approaches of quantitative management are management science and operations management. Management science focuses on using mathematics to aid in problem solving and decision making. Operations management focuses on managing the production and delivery of an organization's products or services more effectively.

question

Describe the systems viewpoint and provide examples of each of the four associated parts using a real or fictitious company.

answer

The systems viewpoint sees organizations as a system, either open or closed, with inputs, outputs, transformation processes, and feedback. Inputs are the people, money, information, equipment, and materials required to produce an organization's goods or services. Example: For a jewelry designer—designer, money, artistic talent, gold and silver, tools, marketing expertise. Transformational processes are the organization's capabilities in management and technology that are applied to converting inputs into outputs. Example: Designer's management skills (planning, organizing, leading, controlling), gold and silver smithing tools and expertise, website for marketing. Outputs are the products, services, profits, losses, employee satisfaction or discontent, produced by the organization. Example: Gold and silver rings, earrings, bracelets, and the like. Feedback is the information about the reaction of the environment to the outputs, which affects the inputs. Example: Web customers like African-style designs or dislike imitation Old English designs.

question

Why is the contingency viewpoint important?

answer

The contingency viewpoint is important because it seems to be the most practical of the viewpoints. It addresses problems on a case-by-case basis and varies the solution accordingly.

question

Describe total quality management, and list at least three of the four components of it that are used by organizations to implement it.

answer

Total quality management (TQM) is a comprehensive approach, led by top management and supported throughout the organization, dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction. The four components of TQM are as follows: 1. Make continuous improvement a priority. 2. Get every employee involved. 3. Listen to and learn from customers and employees. 4. Use accurate standards to identify and eliminate problems

question

What is a learning organization? What competitive advantage do learning organizations hold?

answer

A learning organization is one that actively creates, acquires, and transfers knowledge within itself and is able to modify its behavior to reflect new knowledge. Learning organizations can adapt more quickly to changing conditions in the environment, and bring the knowledge and experience of a wide range of employees to bear on new problems. Organizations must continually learn new things or face obsolescence.

MGT 3100 Chapter 2 – Flashcards

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