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During the Industrial Revolution

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Availability of power enabled low-paid, unskilled labor to replace high-paid skilled artisans

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During the Industrial Revolution

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jobs were carried out in large, formal organizations rather than fields, homes, or small shops

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Scientific Management

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The thorough study and testing of different work methods to identify the best, most efficient ways to complete a job.

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Father of Scientific Management

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Frederick W. Taylor

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Motion study

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Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

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Motion Study

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breaking each task or job into separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive

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Motion study typically yielded production increases of

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25 to 300 percent.

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Bureaucratic Management

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Max Weber

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Time study

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timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs

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Gantt Chart

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shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project/task

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Henry Gant

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One of the first to recommend that companies train and develop workers; Pay for performance plans

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Max Weber

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Bureaucratic Management

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Bureaucracy

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the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge

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Administrative Management

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Henri Fayol

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Frederick W. Taylor

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One of the best ways to align management and employees was to use incentives to motivate workers; believed in piece-rate incentives that tied workers' pay directly to how much workers produced.

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developed a long-term interest in using motion study to simplify work, improve productivity, and reduce the level of effort required to safely perform a job

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Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

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Gantt and Taylor

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among the first to strongly recommend that companies train and develop their workers; found that workers achieved their best performance levels if they were trained first

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Henry Gant

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rewarded his supervisors with bonuses for properly training all of their workers

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Bureaucracy

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lead by virtue of their rational-legal authority—in other words, their knowledge, expertise, or experience

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Henri Fayol

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the success of an enterprise generally depends much more on the administrative ability of its leaders than on their technical ability

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Fayol argued that managers need to perform five managerial functions if they are to be successful:

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planning, organizing, coordinating, commanding(leading), and controlling.

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Mary Parker Follett

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Constructive Conflict

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Integrative conflict resolution

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rather than one side dominating the other or both sides compromising, the point of integrative conflict resolution is to have both parties indicate their preferences and then work together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both.

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Integrative conflict resolution

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when two desires are integrated, that means that a solution has been found in which both desires have found a place that neither side has had to sacrifice anything

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Mary Parker Follett: On Power

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"It seems to me that whereas power usually means power-over, the power of some person or group over some other person or group, it is possible to develop the conception of power-with, a jointly developed power, a co-active, not a coercive power."

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Mary Parker Follett: On the giving of orders

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"An advantage of not exacting blind obedience, of discussing your instructions with your subordinates, is that if there is any resentment, any come-back, you get it out into the open, and when it is in the open you can deal with it."

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Mary Parker Follett: On Authority

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"Authority should go with knowledge and experience, that is where obedience is due, no matter whether it is up the line or down."

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Mother of Management

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Mary Parker Follett

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Mary Parker Follett

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Casts power as "with" rather than "over"

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The Hawthorne Studies

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Elton Mayo; Western Electric Company

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The Hawthorne Studies

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Human factors related to work were found to be more important than physical conditions or design of work.

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The Hawthorne Studies

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Workers feelings and attitudes affected their work

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The Hawthorne Studies

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Increased attention from management and cohesiveness within the work group led to higher levels of job satisfaction and productivity

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The Hawthorne Studies demonstrated that

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the workplace was more complex than previously thought, that workers were not just extensions of machines, and that financial incentives weren't necessarily the most important motivator for workers.

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Thanks to Mayo and the Hawthorne Studies,

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managers better understood the effect that group social interactions, employee satisfaction, and attitudes had on individual and group performance

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Chester Barnard

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Cooperation and Acceptance of Authority

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Chester Barnard defines organization as

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a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two more persons

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Chester Barnard proposed a comprehensive theory of

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cooperation in formal organizations

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Cooperation and Acceptance of Authority

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The extent to which people willingly cooperate in an organization depends on how workers perceive executive authority and whether they're willing to accept it

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According to Barnard, the extent to which people willingly cooperate in an organization depends on

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how workers perceive executive authority and whether they're willing to accept it.

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Zone of indifference

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Acceptance of managerial authority is automatic

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People will be indifferent to managerial directives if they

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are understood, consistent with organization's purpose, compatible with people's personal interests, and can actually be carried out by those people

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Operations management

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managing the daily production of goods and services; uses a quantitative or mathematical approach to find ways to increase productivity, improve quality, and manage or reduce costly inventories.

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Eli Whitney

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standardized, interchangeable parts

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Garspard Monge

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techniques for drawing 3-D objects on paper

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Oldsmobile Motor Works

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"hand-to-mouth inventory" - each production station had only enough parts on hand to do a short production run

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Information Management

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Throughout history, organizations have pushed for and quickly adopted new information technologies to reduce the cost or increase the speed with which they can acquire, retrieve, or communicate information

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System

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a set of interrelated elements or parts that function as a whole

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A systems approach

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encourage managers to look for different connections between different parts of an organization

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Subsystems

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smaller systems within a larger system

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Synergy

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occurs when two or more subsystems working together can produce more than they can working apart

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Closed systems

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can function without interacting with their environments

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Open Systems

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interact with their environments and depend on them for survival

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Contingency Management

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There are no universal management theories; the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that managers or organizations are facing at a particular time.

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A systems view of management allows managers to

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deal with the complex environment in which their companies operate

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Which of the following is NOT associated with Max Weber's bureaucratic management?

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span of management

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In general, this management theory uses a quantitative approach to find ways to increase productivity, improve quality, and manage or reduce costly inventories.

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operations management

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In a departure from mainstream management thinking, Mary Parker Follett believed

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conflict could be beneficial

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At about the same time as management theorists were developing scientific management principles in the United States, Max Weber was in Europe developing

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bureaucratic management

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According to Mary Parker Follett

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all of these are true

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Which of the following management theorists helped develop human relations management?

answer

Mary Parker Follett

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A contractor was feeling defeated because the job he was working on was so far behind schedule. As he looked at the job site, he saw one worker moving bricks by carrying two at a time from where they were unloaded to where they were needed. He saw another climbing up a ladder with a few shingles, climbing back down to get more, and then repeating the process. Which management process could be used to determine how the workers could perform their tasks more efficiently?

answer

Time and motion studies

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