question

Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called:

answer

innovation streams

question

The __________ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation.

answer

Compression

question

The first stage of organizational decline is:

answer

Blinded

question

Which of the following is one of the three steps in the basic process of managing organizational change outlined by Kurt Lewin?

answer

unfreezing

question

According to John Kotter's analysis of the errors managers make when leading change, the first and potentially most serious of these errors is:

answer

not establishing a great enough sense of urgency

question

Organizational ____ is the successful implementation of creative ideas in organizations.

answer

innovation

question

Creativity was needed to improve efficiency without raising costs at one automobile maker. Over the last few years, the company has successfully implemented a creative engineering program that allows its plants to produce more than one type of car from the same assembly line. This successful change to a flexible manufacturing system is an example of ____.

answer

organizational innovation

question

The development of the DVD player was a source of ____ to companies in the movie industry just as VHS tapes had once been.

answer

technological discontinuity

question

A technology ____ begins with the birth of a new technology and ends when that technology reaches its limits and dies as it is replaced by a newer, substantially better technology.

answer

cycle

question

Nearly all technology cycles follow the typical ____ pattern of innovation.

answer

S-curve

question

In the typical S-curve pattern of innovation, increased effort (i.e., money, research and development) brings only small improvements in technological performance ____,

answer

at both the beginning and end of the cycle

question

When significant improvements in performance can ONLY be gained through radical new designs or new performance-enhancing materials, it is likely that a company is ____ in the S-curve pattern of innovation.

answer

at the end of the innovation cycle

question

Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called ____.

answer

innovation streams

question

A technology cycle occurs whenever there are major advances or changes in the ____ in a field or discipline.

answer

knowledge, tools, and techniques

question

is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.

answer

Discontinuous change

question

The purchase of new technologies to replace older ones is an example of ___.

answer

technological substitution

question

Discontinuous change in an innovation stream is characterized by ____.

answer

technological substitution

question

In order from beginning to end, the phases of a technology cycle within an innovation stream consist of ____.

answer

technological discontinuity, discontinuous change, dominant design, and incremental change

question

____ are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.

answer

Creative work environments

question

Organizational development ____.

answer

is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions

question

Which of the following statements describes an advantage of the results-driven change approach to managing change?

answer

All of these were cited as advantages of the results-driven change approach.

question

A(n) ____ is the individual who is formally in charge of guiding a change effort

answer

change agent

question

Which of the following methods for managing resistance to change should only be used as a last resort or under crisis conditions?

answer

coercion

question

According to social psychologist Kurt Lewin, ____ lead to differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time, while ____ support the status quo, or the existing state of conditions in an organization.

answer

change forces; resistance forces

question

It is appropriate to use a(n) ____ approach to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change, in which the goals are lower costs and incremental improvements in the performance and function of the existing technological design

answer

compression

question

When incremental improvements are made to a dominant technological design such that the improved version of the technology is fully backward compatible with the older version, ____ is said to have occurred.

answer

generational change

question

The ____ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation.

answer

compression

question

Which of the following is a component of a creative work environment that encourages creativity

answer

all of these

question

The two general kinds of trade barriers are:

answer

tariff barriers and nontariff barriers

question

The trade agreement that represented the most significant change to the regulations governing global trade during the 1990s was the:

answer

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

question

Which of the following represents the correct sequence for the phase model of globalization?

answer

exporting; cooperative contracts; strategic alliances; wholly owned affiliates

question

Two factors help determine the growth potential of foreign markets. They are foreign competition and

answer

purchasing power

question

Hofstede's research has shown there are

answer

five consistent dimensions of cultural differences across countries

question

An expatriate is someone who:

answer

lives and works outside of his or her own country

question

The evidence clearly shows that __________ is the most important factor in determining the success or failure of an international assignment.

answer

how well an expatriate's spouse and family adjust to the foreign culture

question

Global business is defined as____.

answer

the buying and selling of goods and services to people from different countries

question

____ is a method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country.

answer

Direct foreign investment

question

In 2000, the United States imposed a tax on all steel imports in an effort to protect about 5,000 jobs. This tax is an example of a(n) ____.

answer

tariff

question

____ are long-term, low-interest loans, cash grants, and tax deductions used to develop and protect companies or special industries

answer

Subsidies

question

The acronym GATT stands for the ____.

answer

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

question

One of the major questions that a company must typically answer about its future, once it has decided to go global is ____.

answer

To what extent should the company standardize or adapt business procedures?

question

One of the major questions that a company must typically answer about its future, once it has decided to go global is ____.

answer

To what extent should the company standardize or adapt business procedures?

question

Historically, most companies have used the ____ to successfully enter foreign markets.

answer

phase model of globalization

question

Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics is a medium-sized U.S. company that sells 1.5 million tubes of its lipstick annually in Japan. It has no physical presence within the country beyond the fact its products are sold there. Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics uses ____ to reach the Japanese market.

answer

exporting

question

____ occurs when a company sells domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries.

answer

Exporting

question

A(n) ____ is an agreement in which a foreign business owner pays a company a fee for the right to conduct that business in his or her country.

answer

cooperative contract

question

____ are both examples of cooperative contracts

answer

Franchising and licensing

question

In terms of Hofstede's cultural differences, the people who are described as happy-go-lucky and are people who are comfortable with an unstructured life and deal well with sudden changes. In terms of Hofstede's cultural differences, these people have a ____.

answer

low degree of uncertainty avoidance

question

Starbucks is expanding its global operations into South America in spite of the real probability of civil wars and terrorist activities in many of the continent's nations. As Starbucks expands into South America, it must deal with ____.

answer

political uncertainty

question

The evidence clearly shows that ____ is the most important factor in determining the success or failure of an international assignment.

answer

how well an expatriate's spouse and family adjust to the foreign culture

question

The term ____ is used by Hofstede to describe the degree to which people in a country are uncomfortable with unstructured, ambiguous, unpredictable situations

answer

uncertainty avoidance

question

According to Hofstede, when people in a culture are oriented to the present and seek immediate gratification, that culture is described as ____.

answer

having a short-term orientation

question

The ____ strategy of minimizing or adapting to the political risk inherent to global business makes use of joint ventures and collaborative contracts.

answer

cooperation

question

____ is the set of shared values and beliefs that affects the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of people from a particular country.

answer

National culture

question

What are the two types of political risk that affect companies conducting global business

answer

political uncertainty and policy uncertainty

question

A country or region that has an attractive business climate for companies that want to go global has ____.

answer

an effective but cost-efficient place to build an office or manufacturing site

question

Which of the following factors helps a company determine the growth potential of a foreign market?

answer

purchasing power

question

Which of the following factors should be considered when choosing an office/manufacturing location in the Brazilian market for a U.S. company that operates cinemas and wants to open a chain of movie theatres there?

answer

all of these

question

Organizational authority is traditionally characterized by

answer

chain of command

question

A(n) __________ function is an activity that contributes directly to creating or selling the company's products.

answer

line

question

__________ means increasing the number of tasks in a particular job and giving workers the power to make decisions about their own work.

answer

Job enrichment

question

A(n) __________ organization is an organization that is characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities, precisely defined, unchanging roles, and a rigid chain of command based on centralized authority and vertical communication.

answer

mechanistic

question

__________ is a fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed.

answer

Reengineering

question

Except for the core business activities that they can perform better, faster, and cheaper than others, __________ outsource all remaining business activities to outside companies, suppliers, specialists, or consultants.

answer

modular organizations

question

The organizational process ____.

answer

is the collection of activities that transform inputs into outputs that customers value

question

While ____ emphasizes jobs and their authority relationships, ____ emphasizes the activities through which work gets done in the organization.

answer

organizational structure; organizational process

question

____ departmentalization is defined as organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for particular business functions or areas of expertise.

answer

functional

question

____ is a general term that refers to subdividing work and workers into separate organizational units that are responsible for completing particular tasks.

answer

Departmentalization

question

Which of the following statements about functional departmentalization is true?

answer

Functional departmentalization allows work to be done by highly qualified specialists.

question

Hallmark has four departments. These departments are (1) Flowers and Gifts, (2) Cards and E-cards, (3) Hallmark Collectibles, and (4) Photo Albums and Scrapbooks. Hallmark uses ____ departmentalization.

answer

Product

question

With divisions that focus on business clients and consumer clients, companies like Sprint, American Express, and others are examples of ____ departmentalization.

answer

customer

question

Procter & Gamble has divisions for personal and beauty, house and home, health and wellness, baby and family, and pet nutrition and care. These divisions indicate that the company uses ____ departmentalization.

answer

product

question

With ____ departmentalization, most employees report to two bosses.

answer

matrix

question

In terms of the chain of command, ____ authority is the right to command immediate subordinates, while ____ authority is the right to advise but not command others who are not subordinates.

answer

line, staff

question

The chain of command ____.

answer

is described by none of these

question

____ involves assigning direct authority and responsibility to a subordinate to complete tasks for which the manager is normally responsible.

answer

Delegation of authority

question

When managers delegate work, three transfers occur. The three transfers are responsibility, authority, and ____.

answer

accountability

question

____ is the process of solving problems by consistently applying the same rules, procedures, and processes.

answer

Standardization

question

Decentralization ____.

answer

leads to faster decision making and more satisfied customers and employees

question

Job specialization can result in ____.

answer

employee boredom

question

____ determines the number, kind, and variety of tasks that individual workers perform in their jobs.

answer

Job design

question

An organization that has increased the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job has engaged in ____.

answer

job enlargement

question

The central concern of the job characteristics model (JCM) is ____.

answer

internal motivation

question

____ is the degree to which a job gives workers the discretion, freedom, and independence to decide how and when to accomplish their jobs.

answer

Autonomy

question

____ is the degree to which a job is perceived to have a substantial impact on others inside or outside the organization.

answer

Task significance

question

A(n) ____ organization is one that is characterized by broadly defined jobs and responsibilities; loosely defined, frequently changing roles; and decentralized authority and horizontal communication based on task knowledge.

answer

organic

question

A(n) ____ organization is an organization that is characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities; precisely defined, unchanging roles; and a rigid chain of command based on centralized authority and vertical communication.

answer

mechanistic

question

The three types of task interdependence are

answer

reciprocal, pooled, and sequential

question

Team rewards that depend on __________ are the key to rewarding team behaviors and efforts.

answer

team performance rather than individual performance

question

Which of the following types of teams have the authority to change their composition as well as all of their tasks and work methods?

answer

self-designing teams

question

Which of the following size teams usually provides the best performance?

answer

6 to 9

question

According to the text, a(n) ____ is a small number of people with complementary skills who hold themselves mutually accountable for pursuing a common purpose, achieving performance goals, and improving interdependent work processes.

answer

work team

question

How are organizations using teams to help increase customer satisfaction?

answer

by creating problem-solving teams to study ways to improve customer satisfaction and make recommendations for improvements

question

Which of the following is a reason teamwork can be more satisfying than traditional work?

answer

All of these are reasons why teamwork can be more satisfying than traditional work.

question

____ occurs when workers withhold their efforts and fail to perform their share of the work

answer

Social loafing

question

Which of the following statements describe an advantage teams have over individuals in the decision-making process?

answer

All of these describe advantages teams have over individuals in the decision-making process.

question

Teams are typically required when ____.

answer

tasks require multiple perspectives

question

In the autonomy continuum (which shows how five kinds of teams differ in terms of autonomy), the correct sequence, from low team autonomy to high team autonomy, is ____.

answer

traditional work groups, employee involvement teams, semi-autonomous work groups, self-managing teams, and self-designing teams

question

The ____ is purposefully composed of employees from different functional areas of the organization.

answer

cross-functional team

question

A(n) ____ is defined as a team composed of geographically and/or organizationally dispersed coworkers who use telecommunications and information technologies to accomplish an organizational task.

answer

virtual team

question

The ____ is created to complete specific, one-time projects or tasks within a limited time.

answer

project team

question

____ are informally agreed-on standards that regulate team behavior.

answer

Norms

question

____ is the extent to which team members are attracted to a team and motivated to remain with it.

answer

Cohesiveness

question

Team norms in an organization can create ____.

answer

all of these

question

Which of the following statements regarding cohesiveness is true?

answer

Cohesive groups have lower turnover

question

____ undermines team effectiveness by preventing teams from engaging in the kinds of activities that are critical to team effectiveness.

answer

Affective conflict

question

Affective conflict ____.

answer

typically decreases team cohesiveness

question

Minority domination tends to be a particular problem in ____.

answer

groups of ten or larger

question

Which of the following statements about team development is true?

answer

The growth stages are forming, norming, and performing.

question

Which of the following is one of the stages that teams pass through as they develop and grow, rather than decline?

answer

performing

question

Group cohesion tends to be relatively strong at the ____ stage of team development.

answer

norming

question

A team has finally matured into a fully-functioning team at the ____ stage of development.

answer

performing

question

With ____, teams no longer have to go through the frustratingly slow process of multilevel reviews and signoffs to get management approval before making changes.

answer

bureaucratic immunity

question

____ is the ability to change organizational structures, policies, and practices if it helps teams meet their stretch goals.

answer

Structural accommodation

question

____ describes the average level of ability, experience, personality, or any other factor on a team.

answer

Team level

question

Which of the following statements about team training is true?

answer

Cross-training is less appropriate for teams of highly skilled workers.

question

Which of the following is a method used for compensating employees for team participation and accomplishments?

answer

gainsharing

question

An organization that rewards its team members through gainsharing is ____.

answer

sharing the financial value of performance gains

question

To which of the following aspects of the human resource management process does federal employment law apply?

answer

all of these

question

A __________ is a purposeful, systematic process for collecting information on the important work-related aspects of a job.

answer

job analysis

question

The __________ interview uses only standardized, job-related interview questions that are prepared ahead of time and asked of all candidate

answer

structured

question

A __________ is a performance appraisal process in which feedback is obtained from the boss, subordinates, peers and co-workers, and the employees themselves.

answer

360-degree feedback

question

An ESOP is an:

answer

employee stock ownership plan

question

____ is the process of finding, developing, and keeping the right people for the company.

answer

Human resource management

question

The fact that a 98-pound job candidate is not hired as a dock worker to move 60-pound boxes of produce is legal as a result of ____.

answer

bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs)

question

____ is intentional discrimination that occurs when people are purposefully not given the same hiring, promotion, or membership opportunities because of their race, sex, age, ethnic group, national origin, or religious beliefs.

answer

Disparate treatment

question

When a CEO opened the nationwide sales force meeting with a crude sexually explicit joke it was an example of ____.

answer

sexual harassment

question

The ____ is a rule of thumb used by the courts and the EEOC to determine whether there is evidence of adverse impact. A violation of this rule occurs when the selection rate for a protected group is less than a specified level of the selection rate for a nonprotected group.

answer

80 percent rule

question

From a legal perspective, there are two kinds of sexual harassment. They are ____.

answer

quid pro quo and hostile work environment

question

Which of the following statements about sexual harassment is true?

answer

Sexual harassment can occur between people of the same sex.

question

Former female employees of a national real estate brokerage firm claimed that they were subjected to lewd remarks, unwanted groping, and sexual propositions by male co-workers. According to their attorney, "The firm created a frat-house culture and then failed to do anything about it." Their suit claims the women were victims of ____.

answer

a hostile work environment

question

To ensure that sexual harassment laws are followed and not violated, companies should ____.

answer

do all of these

question

Two of the most important results of a job analysis are ____.

answer

job descriptions and job specifications

question

____ help companies meet the legal requirement that their human resource decisions be job-related.

answer

Job specifications, job analyses, and job descriptions

question

Which of the following types of information would typically be collected as part of a job analysis?

answer

all of these

question

Before beginning to recruit, organizations must ____.

answer

conduct a job analysis

question

In order to be considered ____, recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisals, and employee separations must be valid and be directly related to the important aspects of the job and identified by a careful job analysis.

answer

job-related

question

____ is the process of gathering information about job applicants to decide who should be offered a job.

answer

Selection

question

Which of the following statements about job validation tests is true?

answer

Validation refers to the process of determining how well a selection test or procedure predicts future job performance.

question

Which of the following questions is deemed acceptable (i.e., "legal") for employers to ask applicants during the selection process?

answer

Have you ever been convicted of a crime?

question

Which of the following types of tests accurately predicts job performance in almost all kinds of jobs?

answer

cognitive ability tests

question

____ means providing opportunities for employees to develop the job-specific skills, experience, and knowledge they need to do their jobs or improve their performance.

answer

Training

question

Which of the following training methods is most appropriate for imparting information or knowledge to trainees?

answer

lectures and planned readings

question

Which of the following is one of the ways in which training can be evaluated?

answer

all of these

question

Which of the following statements about performance appraisal is true?

answer

Most employees and managers intensely dislike the performance appraisal process.

question

Which of the following is an example of an objective performance measure?

answer

input/output measures

question

To improve traditional performance appraisal feedback sessions, it is recommended that managers ____.

answer

base performance appraisal feedback sessions on self-appraisals

question

The term ____ refers to both the financial and nonfinancial rewards organizations give employees in exchange for their work.

answer

compensation

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