METC MLT Hematology 101 1 – Flashcards
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hematology
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the branch of medicine that studies the blood cells and the tissues that form them
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CBC(complete blood count)
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most commonly ordered hematology test, screens for abnormalities in the blood
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erythrocytes
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most numerous cells in the blood, composed mainly of hemoglobin
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granulocytes
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neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
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agranulocytes
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monocytes, lymphocytes
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neutrophils
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seek, ingest, and kill bacteria
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eosinophils
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release histaminase to help the body's inflammatory process
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basophils
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release histamine and heparin to help the body's inflammatory process
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lymphocytes
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play key role in immunity by producing antibodies
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monocytes
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phagocytic cells that engulf and kill bacteria and play a role in killing tumor cells
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(ESR)
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detects and monitors inflammation in the body
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magnification
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increases the apparent size of an object
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resolution
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the ability of the lens system to reveal fine detail
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contrast
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refers to the ability to distinguish an object from the background
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mechanical stage
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platform on which the slide is placed
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Abbe condenser
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evenly distributes and optimally focuses the light onto the specimen
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Koehler illumination
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a procedure used to properly set up the light path using double diaphragm illumination, allows for bright, even illumination of the specimen
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Phase-Contrast Illumination
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used to examine transparent or nearly transparent living tissues or structures such as platelets or casts
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Polarizing illumination
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used to visualize and differentiate low refractive elements like crystals and lipids in urinalysis
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Darkfield illumination
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a contrasting technique that employs a special condenser that directs or transmits light up toward the specimen in a hollow cone
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pluripotent stem cells
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myeloid and lymphoid stem cells are derived from these
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myeloid stem cells
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differentiate into erythrocytes, thrombocytes, granulocytes, monocytes
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lymphoid stem cells
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differentiate into B or T lymphocytes
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3-5
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number of days RBCs take to mature
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100-140
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number of days RBCs live in the bloodstream
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pronormoblast
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CAP name for rubriblast, first stage of RBC development
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basophilic normoblast
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CAP name for prorubicyte, second stage of RBC development
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polychromatophilic normoblast
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CAP name for rubricyte, third stage of RBC development
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orthochromic normoblast
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CAP name for metarubricyte, fourth stage of RBC development
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reticulocyte
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fifth stage of RBC development, best seen in a supravital stain
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anisocytosis
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variation in the size of RBCs
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poikilocytosis
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variation in the shape of RBCs
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inclusion bodies
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particles made up of various substances not normally found in a RBC
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microcytes
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smaller than normal RBCs; found in thalassemia, anemia of chronic disorders, iron deficiency, lead poisoning, sideroblastic anemia
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macrocytes
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larger than normal RBCs; found in liver diesease, hypothyroidism, megaloblastic anemia, chemotherapy, post-splenectomy, high reticulocyte count
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Rouleaux formation
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RBCs arranged in stacks like coins evenly dispersed
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Agglutination
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clumping of cells; may be caused by antigen/antibody reactions
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spherocyte
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lacks bi-concave shape, no central pallor, increased hemoglobin content
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ovalocyte
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is egg shaped, seen in thalassemia or megaloblastic anemia
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elliptocyte
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is pencil-shaped, seen in iron deficiency anemia or hereditary elliptocytosis
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echinocyte
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has rounded spicules evenly distributed over entire surface, seen in hypernatremia, renal and liver diseases, severe burns
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acanthocyte
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has irregularly spaced spicules, found in liver disease, alcoholism, post-splenectomy, and vitamin E deficiency
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schistocyte
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extremely fragmented cell
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drepanocyte
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crescent shaped, rigid and inflexible
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codocyte
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target shaped cell, the hallmark cell of liver disease
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dacrocyte
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pear or teardrop shaped, seen in thalassemia or iron deficiency
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keratocyte
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also called bite cell, seen in G6PD deficiency, pulmonary embolism, or DIC
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stomatocyte
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has central pallor that is more of a slit than round shaped, seen in chronic liver disease(alcoholism)
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Howell-Jolly bodies
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remnants of DNA that appear as round, deep purple granules
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Pappenheimer bodies
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small beaded blue purple granules of free iron
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basophilic stippling
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dark blue granules that appear as a result of RNA and mitochondrial remnants, may indicate lead poisoning thalassemia
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Cabot's ring
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thin, twisted threadlike strands found in erythrocytes, seen in lead poisoning
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Heinz bodies
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seen through use of crystal violet stain or brilliant cresyl blue
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Hgb Type A
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contains 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
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Hgb Type A2
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contains 2 alpha and 2 delta chains
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Hgb Type F
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contains 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains
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2,3-DPG
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increased concentration of this causes hemoglobin to lose affinity for oxygen
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80-100
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the MCV range for normocytic cells
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32-36
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MCHC range for normochromic cells
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microcytic, hypochromic cells
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seen in sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia, iron deficiency, lead poisoning
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Red Cell Distribution Width(RDW)
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indicates the degree of anisocytosis
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sideroblastic anemia
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the body has adequate iron but is unable to incorporate it into heme sythesis
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hemochromatosis
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causes by excessive accumulation of iron where the rate of iron gain exceeds the rate of loss
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folate deficiency
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directly affects DNA synthesis, results in anemia where developing cells die within the bone marrow
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vitamin B12 deficiency
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indirectly affects DNA synthesis, takes years to manifest as anemia
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pernicious anemia
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caused by malabsorption of vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor
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schilling test
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the diagnostic test for pernicious anemia
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pancytosis
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a condition characterized by increased WBC, RBC, and platelets
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pancytopenia
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a condition characterized by decreased WBC, RBC, and platelets
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Fanconi's anemia
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aplastic anemia marked by dark skin, short stature, skeletal disorders, renal abnormalities, mental retardation
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Estren-Dameshek Syndrome
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aplastic anemia with same hematologic features as Fanconi's but without physical abnormalities
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Red cell aplasia
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rare disorder marked by a severe decrease in RBC precursors in otherwise normal bone marrow
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Pyruvate Kinase deficiency
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causes reduced ATP production, rare enzyme disorder of the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway
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Donath-Landsteiner Test
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the diagnostic test for PCH
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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
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acute intravascular hemolysis and renal failure following systemic illness
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Hemoglobin C anemia
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results from amino acid substitution of lysine for glutamic acid in the 6th position in the beta chain
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Hemoglobin E anemia
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results from amino acid substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at the 26th position
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Beta Thalassemia Major
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also called Cooley's Anemia
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Barts Hydrops Fetalis
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characterized by the absence or deletion of all alpha chain synthesis
