question

Septimus Severus

answer

Roman Emperor, size of the empire reached its greatest extent under his reign. Founded the last dynasty of rulers before the crisis of the 3rd century (193-211) (Lecture 2)

question

York

answer

Where Septimus Severus died, heart of the Roman Empire in the North (Lecture 2)

question

Julia Domna

answer

Wife of Septimus Severus, Syrian (Lecture 2)

question

Sasanians

answer

Last period of the Persian empire before the rise of Islam, from early 3rd to mid 7th c. Had it's first 'golden era' during the 5th century. (Lecture 2)

question

Valerian

answer

Emperor of Rome in 260 against the Sasanians, he was captured as a prisoner of war which was shocking and put into question the stability of the empire. (253-260) (Lecture 2)

question

Goths

answer

Eastern German Barbarians, split into Visigoths (became federates) and Ostrogoths (joined the Huns). (Lecture 2)

question

Neupotz

answer

Material burial site of Goths, Modern day Germany near Mainz (Lecture 2)

question

Mainz

answer

Near Neupotz, Germany basically modern day Frankfurt (Lecture 2)

question

Aurelian

answer

Roman emperor who basically defeated every form of Barbarian, Goths, Alamanni, Vandals, etc. took back the western part of the Roman Empire (but pre-Diocletian split) Helped contribute to the recovery from the crisis of the 3rd century (reign 270-275) (Lecture 2)

question

Pyrenees

answer

Know where these are for the map quiz (Lecture 2)

question

Antonine Epidemic

answer

2nd century plague. smallpox or maybe measles. killed 1/3 to 1/2 of the population (Lecture 2)

question

Smallpox

answer

potentially the cause of the Antonine Epidemic. Also maybe the Cyprian Plague. These may have been two different outbreaks of the same plague. (Lecture 2)

question

Cyprian Plague

answer

Hit Rome really hard. at the height 5000 people a day were dying. Killed a lot of people but not as many as the plague in the 5th c. 251-273 Hemorrhagic fever? Small pox?(Lecture 2)

question

Imperator

answer

Title for the emperor of Rome (Lecture 2)

question

Diocletian

answer

284-305 pushed back the Persians, military successes/reforms, split the empire and set up the tetrarchy, then abdicated (Lecture 2)

question

Constantine I

answer

306-337 defeats his rivals to become the only ruler of the Empire, puts back the empire together, makes Christianity legal, moves the capital to Constantinople (Lecture 2)

question

Indiction

answer

15 year, often tax based, cycles. How 3rd c. medieval documents are often dated (Lecture 2)

question

Solidus/Arab dinar

answer

gold coin, introduced on a larger scale by Constantine. Largely replaced by Pippin the III's silver currency. (Lecture 2)

question

Medieval Bezant

answer

Same as a solidus (Lecture 2)

question

Silver

answer

The Carolingians introduced a silver economy that allowed people to make smaller transactions. We have evidence of this in the coins, in the mines, and in the amount of Hg in soil/water/etc. (Lecture 2)

question

1 Augustus, 2 Augusti, Caesars

answer

A way of remembering the tetrarchy. Not really sure what it means beyond that there were four rulers, two were called the Augusti (east and west) and the other two were Caesars (east and west) (Lecture 2)

question

Tetrarchy

answer

Diocletian split up the Roman Empire into four parts each ruled by an emperor. There was the East Augustus, West Augustus, East Caesar, and the West Caesar. Created stability after the crisis of the 3rd century (Lecture 2)

question

Trier; New Rome; Constantinople

answer

Trier is on the banks of the Moselle, on the border of modern Germany and France (Lecture 2)

question

Lateran Palace

answer

Constantine gave it to the Bishop of Rome. Eventually came under ownership of the Pope. (Lecture 2)

question

Chi-Rho

answer

Symbol that looks like a P with an X through the bottom. Constantine used it at the top of his standard, on his flags, and on some coins. symbolized the crucifixion of Christ (Lecture 2)

question

Bishops, Cathedral, Diocese

answer

Cathedrals are churches that contained the seat of a bishop, and that bishop was in charge of a diocese, which is an area or group of people ('territorial unit of administration'). (Lecture 2)

question

oikoumene; ecumenical

answer

The search for visible unity in the Christian church, comes from the Greek word for 'the whole inhabited world' (Lecture 2)

question

Vandals

answer

East Germanic tribe of Barbarians. In early early 5th c. they were pushed onto the Iberian Peninsula. When the Visigoths got pushed into Spain the Vandals voluntarily subjected themselves. They then took N. Africa in the mid 5th century so the West lost access to grain. (Lecture 3)

question

Lombards

answer

Germanic Barbarians who ruled the Italian peninsula from the late 6th c. to the late 8th. Eventually conquered by Charlemagne and incorporated into the Frankish Empire. (Lecture 3)

question

Celts sack Rome

answer

Battle of Allia, just north of Rome. The Romans lost, but according to Livy they eventually paid off the Celts to leave the city. 390 BC (Lecture 3)

question

Rhine, Moselle Valley

answer

Where Ausonius wrote his weird poem about. Moselle is a tributary off of the Rhine, which runs from Switzerland down out of the Netherlands. The Moselle runs to the west, past Trier. (Lecture 3)

question

Attila the Hun

answer

Led the Huns when they pushed the Visigoths to become federates in the Roman Empire. He also tried to take Constantinople and then Rome but failed at both. He died soon after in 453. (Lecture 3)

question

Franks

answer

Germanic Barabarians, first major dynasty of the Merovingians (Clovis) and then the Carolingians (Charlemagne). (Lecture 3)

question

Adrianople

answer

Eastern Roman army gets completely wrecked at the battle of Adrianople. Part of the 'Gothic War' and often considered the start of the fall of Rome, even though the official fall date isn't for another 100 years. 378 (Lecture 3)

question

Federates

answer

People who are not Roman but are incorporated into the Empire. They often fight on behalf of the Empire. For example. the Visigoths were federates before they turned on Rome. (Lecture 3)

question

Alaric

answer

First king of the Visigoths, 395-410. Sacked Rome in 410. Helped the Roman Emperor defeat the Franks before turning on Rome. (Lecture 3)

question

Toulouse

answer

City in southern Gaul. The Visigoths initially settled here, and Toulouse formed the capital of their kingdom during 418-507. In 507, the Franks attacked under Clovis, sacking and conquering Toulouse. (Lecture 3)

question

Toledo

answer

City in central Spain. After the Franks conquered Aquitaine, the Visigothic capital moved here. 507-711 (Lecture 3)

question

Reccopolis

answer

Visigothic city in central Spain. 578-711 (Lecture 3)

question

Theoderic

answer

Some guy Zeno didn't like the way Odoacer was ruling Italy (antagonizing the East and not respecting Roman citizens) so he sent Theoderic to take the throne. Theoderic killed Odoacer and became king in Italy 493-526 (Lecture 3) (unimportant but interesting: the two of them signed a treaty that they would both rule over Italy, and at the banquet that followed Theoderic gave a toast to Odoacer before promptly striking him on the collarbone with a sword.)

question

Constantinople

answer

(Lecture 3)

question

Odoacer

answer

He deposed the last Western Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, in 476, crowning himself King of Italy. He ruled until 493 when he was killed by Theoderic, who took his crown. (Lecture 3)

question

Senate

answer

A Roman council of elites which held political power under the Republic but was largely irrelevant except as a symbol of status under the Empire. (Lecture 3)

question

Coliseum

answer

(Lecture 3)

question

Justinian

answer

Sometimes called the "last Roman," he was a 6th century Eastern Roman Emperor. Under his reign, the Empire reconquered North Africa, Italy, and parts of Spain. However, climate change and plague beset the Empire, and those gains were reversed soon after his reign. (Lecture 3)

question

Haplotypes

answer

(Lecture 3)

question

Mitochondrial/nulcear DNA

answer

(Lecture 3)

question

High-Throughput Sequencing

answer

(Lecture 3)

question

Alt et al 2014 "Lombards on the Move"

answer

(Lecture 3)

question

Schiffels et al 2016 "Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes..."

answer

(Lecture 3)

question

Serbia

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Codification of Roman Law

answer

Justinian revised and codified Roman Law during his reign, with lasting effects for the law of both the Byzantine Empire and much of Europe beyond. (Lecture 4)

question

Hagia Sophia

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Vandal

answer

The Vandals were a Germanic tribe who conquered North Africa from the Romans and ruled it 439-534 until they were defeated by Justinian. They also sacked Rome in 455. (Lecture 4)

question

Ostrogothic

answer

Subjugated by the Huns, the Ostrogoths later became federates. In the late 5th century, they established a kingdom in Italy under Odoacer. (Lecture 4)

question

Visigothic

answer

Part of the group that won the Battle of Adrianople, the Visigoths sacked Rome in 410, became federates, and then split from Rome, forming their own kingdom in Gaul and Spain. (Lecture 4)

question

Sicily

answer

One of the most important provinces in the empire due to its production of grain. (Lecture 4)

question

Volcanic Aerosol

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Baths of Caracalla

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Baths of Diocletian

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Michael Roztovtzeff

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

typology

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

survey archaeology

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

settlement patterns

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Gaul

answer

from 300-550 some areas are down to 10% population (Lecture 4)

question

Tuscany (Francovich)

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Africa, Syria, Greece

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Bubonic Plague (bacillus yersinia pestis)

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Black Death

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Feldman et al 2016

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

rattus rattus (lol)

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Persians

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Islam

answer

(Lecture 4)

question

Isle of Thanet

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Kent

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Canterbury Gospels

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Pope Gregory I

answer

590-604 (Lecture 5)

question

Deben River

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Sutton Hoo

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

East Angles (East Anglians)

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Staffordshire Hoard

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Southend-on-the-Sea, new royal tomb

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Bede the Venerable

answer

Ecclesiastical History of the English People 735 (Lecture 5)

question

Irish, Picts

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Saxons, Jutes

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Hengist and Horsa

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Brittany

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Welsh

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Heptarchy

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

London, Winchester, Canterbury

answer

chester = castrum (castle) (Lecture 5)

question

Long Houses

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Romano-Britons

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Thomas, modern Y-chromosome study

answer

haplotype gradient east coast to west country through the UK (Lecture 5)

question

Schiffels aDNA: Oakington burials

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

grave goods

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Chris Loveluck

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Ethelbert and Bertha

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Raedwald

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Augustine

answer

monk (Lecture 5)

question

encaustic icon

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Libellus responsionum

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Mrs. Pretty

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Old English: segn

answer

latin: signum (Lecture 5)

question

Bretwalda

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Scepter

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Mercia

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Northumbria

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Wessex

answer

(Lecture 5)

question

Scheldt River

answer

Childeric's tomb was found in Tournai near the Scheldt River when they were trying to renovate a church and struck gold (literally) The river is in Belgium, and cuts NE to SW from modern day Netherlands to France. (Lecture 7)

question

Tournai

answer

Location of Childeric's tomb. It is where Childeric established a capital for the Franks. (Lecture 7)

question

Childeric

answer

Ruler of the Franks, father of Clovis I, son of Merovech (where the name of the Merovingian Dynasty comes from) lived 440-482. Buried at Tournai, and his tomb had a bunch of gold bee figurines in it which is why Napoleon later decided to make bees the symbol of the French Empire (Lecture 7)

question

Clovis I

answer

First king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish people under one leader. Conquered much of northern and western Gaul by his death. Had a decisive victory against the Visigoths which pushed them into Spain. Ruled with a light hand, taxes were low, it became popular to be a Frank. Drafted documents like the Romans (but not the same degree as Charlemagne) and wrote things on papyrus. Was a pagan, but converted to Catholicism (orthodox), not the 'heretical' Arianism. This caused lots of Franks to convert to orthodox Christianity. Under him there was the first codified Frankish Law. Married Clotilde, Burgundian royalty, and she converted him, and was then named a saint. 482-511 (Lecture 7)

question

Merovingians

answer

Ruling dynasty of the Franks under Merovech, Childeric, and Clovis. After Clovis' death (511) power became decentralized leading to more locally focused power and an easy take over by Pippin III and the Carolingian dynasty two centuries later. Lasted from mid 5th century to 751. (Lecture 7)

question

Bishop of Reims

answer

Clovis I was baptized in 496 by Saint Remi, bishop of Reims. Unclear what 'governor' in the handout references. (Lecture 7)

question

Rhine

answer

From Childeric to the death of Clovis I the Frankish territory expanded East of the Rhine river. River runs N-S through Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland. (Lecture 7)

question

Alamannians, Burgundians (Geneva)

answer

Two groups conquered by Clovis in his attempt to expand the Frankish land holdings. Lived near Switzerland in the upper Rhine, Alamannians to the East (fell in 496) and Burgundians to the West (fell in early 6th c. but were allies in several battles before that). Geneva was in Burgundian territory. Geneva was deep in Burgundian territory. (Lecture 7)

question

Soissons

answer

After the fall of the Roman Empire there was a small Gallo-Roman ruled state called Soissons left (SW of Frankish territory and NW of Burgundia). Clovis I attacked in 486 and conquered Syagrius, the Roman military leader. Class handout also includes "King of the Romans" (Lecture 7)

question

Arianism

answer

Founded by Arius, deacon of Alexandria in the 4th century. They believe that the Son of God, is distinct and therefore subordinate to the Father. This was seen as heretical by orthodox Christians because of the opposition to monotheism. Many Germanic states had converted to Arianism, then their leaders converted to orthodox but the people remained Arian. (Lecture 7)

question

Vouille

answer

Battle Clovis fought against the Visigoths in 507. They won decisively and Clovis may have even killed the Visigoth King. Allowed the Franks to gain control of the SW part of France. Vouille is located in Western modern day France. (Lecture 7)

question

Toledo, Reccopolis

answer

Toledo was founded before the Visigoths were in Spain, but came to prominence under Visigothic Kings. Reccopolis founded in 578 after the Visigoths had to flee to Spain following their defeat at Vouille. (Lecture 7)

question

Mayors of the Palace

answer

Manager of the household of the Mergovian Frankish King. Became a position of the power behind the throne. Pippin III held this position (as did his father Charles Martel) before he deposed the King in 751. (Lecture 7)

question

Georgius Florentius Gregorius

answer

Saint Gregory, Bishop of Tours, primary source for our knowledge of the Merovingian dynasty. He himself was Gallo-Roman. Wrote the History of the Franks in 10 books. 538-594 (Lecture 7)

question

Gundulf

answer

Roman names start dying out and Frankish names become more popular. Gundulf means battle wolf. Not sure if there was anything more specific in mind with this.(Lecture 7)

question

Lyons

answer

5th century capital of the Burgundians. The Frank's defeat of the burgundians lead to the downfall of Lyon, but it slowly rebuilt in the 13th c. Potential the final battle between the Franks and the Burgundians actually happened here but it had a different name? It's sort of unclear... (Lecture 7)

question

Papyrus

answer

Many documents during Clovis' reign were written on this. It is made from the pith of the papyrus plant. (Lecture 7)

question

Rhone River

answer

River in southern France that goes from Lyon into the Mediterranean. A major trade route into Gaul during the 5th c. when we see a lot of archaeological evidence of dates, olive oil, wine, etc. This may have been due to the end of LAILA. Networks continued to expand until the plague hit in the 6th c. (Lecture 7)

question

Henri Pirenne

answer

Late 19th-Early 20th c. Belgian historian. "Without Islam, the Frankish Empire probably would have never existed." Argues that instead of the 'fall' being the end of the Roman empire, it was the way that Arab expansion cut off Europe from the Mediterranian and the East, allowing Charlemagne to create his own distinctly western power. Makes this argument on the lack of gold coins and papyrus in the 7th c. (Lecture 7)

question

Numismatics

answer

The study of coins. Tells us about the shift from a gold economy to a silver economy under Frankish rule. Silver coins were a Carolingian reform first brought about by Pippin III but expanded upon by his successors. (Lecture 7)

question

Philip Grierson

answer

British historian and numismatist, Cambridge, late 20th c. One of the greatest medieval coin collections of all time. Became a curator at Dumbarton Oaks. (Lecture 7)

question

Melle

answer

Founded under Charlemagne as a mining center. Home of the French Mint for a while. These silver mines are evidence of the popularity of the new silver economy. (Lecture 7)

question

Colle Gnifetti

answer

A glacier at the Swiss-Italian border. Cores from this glacier are used to study climate change in the middle ages. Core made in 2013. (Lecture 7)

question

Frisians

answer

Germanic ethnic group from the Netherlands (along the N. Sea). In the 3rd and 4th c. LAILA caused marine transgressions that made most of the land inhabitable. Came into conflict with the Franks a lot, eventually subjugated by the Franks in 734.(Lecture 7)

question

'wik' emporium

answer

Trading settlements, known in English as 'wiks'. Usually not very developed, along the edges of kingdoms. A large rise in these around the North Sea (when?) (Lecture 7)

question

mints

answer

More coin mints were built to accompany the new demand for silver coins in the Frankish Empire. One major mint was in Melle. (Lecture 7)

question

Ribe, Haithabu (Jutland)

answer

Expansion to the North: Ribe is in Denmark and is the location of the first Scandinavian church established in the 9th c. Very important trade city. Haithabu was a Viking trading post in the southern part of the Jutland peninsula (where Denmark is now, north of Germany). (Lecture 7)

question

Dorestad

answer

Major emporium in the Netherlands. Near the northern-most branch of the Rhine. Height of the city in the 9th c. Name means 'door-city' Personal possession of Charlemagne (Lecture 7)

question

Quentowic

answer

Major Carolingian trading port, personal possession of Charlemagne. At the mouth of the Canche River in northern France. (Lecture 7)

question

Ipswich

answer

Major trading city in England, in the Southeast. (Lecture 7)

question

Lundenwic

answer

Anglo-Saxon London. (Lecture 7)

question

Hamwic

answer

Anglo-Saxon settlement in Southampton. On the southern end of the UK, along the English channel. (Lecture 7)

question

great estate

answer

Also known as a 'multiple estate,' it is a term for a large amount of land owned by the Anglo-Saxons but controlled from a central location. Many were fragmented and given to the church. (Lecture 7)

question

Carolingians

answer

2nd major ruling family of the Franks. Pippin III was the first in power, followed by his son Charlemagne. Pippin III, when he was mayor of the palace, overthrew the Mergovingians in 751, with the support of the Papacy. Charlemagne's death lead to the fragmentation of the empire, which eventually lead to the development of Germany and France (Lecture 7)

question

jihad

answer

Holy war (Lecture 7)

question

Muhammad

answer

570-632. God's final prophet according to Islam. United Arabia into an Islamic polity; his successors ruled the Caliphates. (Lecture 8)

question

Gabriel

answer

God's messenger angel, whom He sent with revelation to Muhammad. (Lecture 8)

question

Koran

answer

Literally "the recitation," a revelation relayed by God through Muhammad (via Gabriel). The central religious text of Islam. (Lecture 8)

question

Corpus Coranicum

answer

A modern research project towards a critical edition of the Koran. Considers contemporaneous works including those of Christians. (Lecture 8)

question

Christian Heresy

answer

heterodoxy (Early on, Christians considered Islam a Christian heresy) (Lecture 8)

question

jihad

answer

Holy war; Muslims waged these wars in the Middle East, North Africa, and up into Spain, bringing new territories under their control. (Lecture 8)

question

House of Islam

answer

The domain under Muslim control, where their holy law applies. Expanded by Muhammad and the Caliphs. (Lecture 8)

question

martyr

answer

Anyone who perished fighting the jihad was a martyr. (Lecture 8)

question

heterodox

answer

Not according to the norm, i.e., heretical. (Early on, Christians considered Islam a Christian heresy) (Lecture 8)

question

Hegira; Anno Hegirae

answer

622, the year of flight when Muhammad fled Mecca for Medina (Lecture 8)

question

Caliph (khalifa)

answer

A successor to Muhammad, ruling over the Caliphate, the Islamic polity. (Lecture 8)

question

Golan Heights, Yarmuk R.

answer

The Eastern Roman army sent to confront the Islamic forces was routed in battle here. (Lecture 8)

question

Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq)

answer

Named after the general who led the Muslim invasion of Spain. (Lecture 8)

question

Carthage

answer

Major port in North Africa, hugely important for the trade of grain. In 698, the Islamic forces conquered Carthage. (Lecture 8)

question

Visigothic Spain 711

answer

Weak due to a civil war, the kingdom was invaded and conquered by Muslims. (Lecture 8)

question

Constantinople 717-718

answer

Constantinople was besieged by the Muslims during these years, but withstood the siege. (Lecture 8)

question

AH 100 (722)

answer

The 100th year since the Hegira. Muslims expected Rome to fall by this year so that the world could end. (Lecture 8)

question

'Byzantine' empire

answer

Named after Byzantium where Constantinople was founded. Referring to the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the West, since it didn't rule over Rome. (Lecture 8)

question

Poitiers

answer

Where the Franks repulsed the Muslim invaders in battle in 732. (In central-western France.) Also called the Battle of Tours. (Lecture 8)

question

Charles Martel

answer

Frankish Mayor of the Palace, grandfather of Charlemagne, founder of the Carolingian dynasty. (Lecture 8)

question

Saxons

answer

Germans beyond the Rhine, conquered by Charlemagne (Lecture 8)

question

Pippin III

answer

Mayor of the Palace, 741; first Carolingian king, 751-768. Deposed the Merovingians, appointed king of the Franks by Boniface. (Lecture 8)

question

anointing, St. Denis

answer

(Lecture 8)

question

Danube, Avars

answer

The Avars lived by the Danube River; they were Charlemagne's eastern frontier and tributary to him. (Lecture 8)

question

Ostmark

answer

"Eastern March" conquered by Charlemagne, now Austria (Lecture 8)

question

Lombards, Po Valley

answer

(Lecture 8)

question

Catalonia

answer

The Spanish area around Barcelona, conquered by Charlemagne from the Muslims. (Lecture 8)

question

Rex Francorum

answer

"King of the Franks." Charlemagne was called this rather than "King of Frankland," signifying that his power derived from the people's loyalty to his person, rather than to the country. (Lecture 8)

question

Benedictines (OSB)

answer

Ordo Sancti Benedicti (Lecture 8)

question

counts

answer

Frankish aristocrats transplanted into Charlemagne's conquered territories to exercise his power. (Lecture 8)

question

liturgical books

answer

Charlemagne imported liturgical books from Rome to make religious teachings more uniform. (His affinity for Rome was due to the Anglo-Saxons' influence.) (Lecture 8)

question

chant

answer

(Lecture 8)

question

canon law

answer

(Lecture 8)

question

chapel

answer

St. Martin of Tours gave half his cape to a beggar; the half he kept he wore as a "small cape," or capella. The Frankish kings had possession of this relic; thus their priests were known as "chaplains." (Lecture 8)

question

St. Gall

answer

(Lecture 8)

question

Carolingian minuscule

answer

Precursor to the script we use today, much more legible than the Latin script the Romans used. It fell out of favor later in the Middle Ages, but was brought back in the Renaissance because it seemed more Roman. (Lecture 8)

question

St. Benedict of Nursia

answer

Author of the "Rule," a guidebook for monasticism. He established his first monastery in Monte Cassino. (Lecture 8)

question

Rule of Monte Cassino

answer

The first monastery established by St. Benedict, this was considered an ideal model for monasteries. Situated near Rome. (Lecture 8)

question

Alcuin

answer

abbot of Tours (Lecture 8)

question

Pope Leo III

answer

After Charlemagne protected him from enemies in Rome, Pope Leo proclaimed him "Augustus." Died 816. (Lecture 8)

question

Collar Harness

answer

A shift from the yokes used on oxen to a harness that places the pressure on the shoulders of horses allow more efficient plowing and an agricultural revolution (Lecture 9)

question

Stirrup

answer

An 8th c (roughly) development brought over from the East through the Roman Empire and allowed for people to ride horses at full speed in battle. (Lecture 9)

question

Christopher Loveluck

answer

British Medieval historian and archaeologist. Not really sure what he did, but is interested in climate change effects. (Lecture 9)

question

Meuse, Scheldt, Seine

answer

Rivers in the Belgium/France region. Probably important for trade (Lecture 9)

question

Frisians, Saxons

answer

Many still pagan in the 8th c. St. Boniface tried to convert them to Christianity but he was killed in 754.

question

St. Boniface

answer

680-754 English, tried to convert the Saxons but was killed. Tried to protect himself with a book with is said to still survive as a relic. (Lecture 9)

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Venetian Merchants

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A lot of trade started coming in and out of Venice and Comacchio. Western Europe was running a trade surplus and was bring silks and spices in exchange for furs and swords. (Lecture 9)

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Slave Market

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Slaves were worth 3x as much in N. Africa and in the East as they were in Western Europe, so the West started to rebuild its economy on slave trade. (Lecture 9)

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Main trunk route

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How to get to the Arabian peninsula in 700, along the western coast of Italy, around Greece, and then down Asia minor. Expanded to 5 different routes by 900 (lecture 9)

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Virtual coins

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Traveling can by mapped by occurrences of Arab coins. However, we can also track coins through written descriptions of them, particularly from Italy (lecture 9)

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Comacchio

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A port city that was a rival of Venice (it's a little further south on the coast), lots of western trade happened through here. (Lecture 9)

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Slavlands

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NE Europe, a large amount of Arab coins were found here which is really interesting and weird. (Lecture 9)

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pepper, cinnamon

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spices were often used as a marker of trade with the East, but their lack of appearance in Frankish foods may have been cultural and not due to a lack of trade. They eventually crop up again as medicine. (Lecture 9)

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India, Malaysia, Arabia

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Know where these are on a map. Also spices came from here (Lecture 9)

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Alps

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Know for map quiz

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Scandinavia, Russia

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Know for map quiz

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kapur ---> camphor

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a medicinal substance from Malaysia (Lecture 9)

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Marten, fox, squirrel, arctic

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the west was able to train furs they got from Scandinavia to the east for a huge monetary gain (Lecture 9)

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+VLFBERHT+

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A name inscribed on Frisian steel swords, thought to be the best swords and were highly sought after all over eurasia. (Lecture 9)

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Adriatic Sea

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Venice and Comacchio are located on it so it became a major shipping waterway. Know where it is for the map quiz (lecture 9)

Medieval History (SW 41) – Flashcards

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