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Historical Periods

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Ancient (to 500CE) Medieval (500-1500 CE) Modern (after 1500 CE)

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Greece Philosophy

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Originates of western civilization, Exported through the Mediterranean. The Romans came down to a Greek place. Absolute truth is possible.

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Greece Plato

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Rejected the Philosophy of the day and agreed with absolute truth. Influential because knowledge was possible + appealed to Christian Philo.

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Plato

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The Republic which outlined the cave analogy - We are chained down and can only see what is in front of us. We are internal souls stuck in our bodies. Also felt that kings should not rule but Philosophers should rule.

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Plato

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School of thought and academy founded. His Neoplationist (romans) spread his ideas and his words. Started to put Plato with Religion. Focused on the other world.

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Greece Aristotle

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Rejected the Philosophy of the day and agreed with absolute truth.He was focused on the material world and was more influential in sciences. He was about everyday experiences and was into Natural philosophy.

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Aristotle

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His politics were that political systems were natural and that humans need authority. It opposes Christianity as it is a result of original sin. Emotions made you weak, everyone was bound by the same laws.

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Rome Law

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Developed in an extended way, it was used to bind together. The Theodosian Code was the Romans western Law. Most laws were written in Latin.

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Rome Latin

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It was spoken in government, laws, studying, it was the language of the elite. Cicero is the most common.

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Rome Architecture

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Was influenced by the Greeks but they developed their own like the Roman Arch. This helped to distribute the pillar weight meaning that they could build more free standing big buildings. Also round buildings and aqueducts

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The Roman Empire

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There was also the idea that Western Europe can be ruled by one emperor. The idea that an emperor was better and more intellectual than a king.

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The "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" The Restoration

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Diocletian divided the empire in half and created the Western and the Eastern Empire. The Eastern side became the Byzantine empire.

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Constantine

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Constantine was the first Holy Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity. He also moved the capital to Constantinople.

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The Fall

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Military problems with Barbarian attacks (Romans hired them so they knew how to defeat the army), excessive taxing ( taxes were payed in goods so money became inflated) The western half falls to the Barbarians

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The "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" Salvianus, On Gods Government

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The real problem is that the people have to pay more, this is unjust.

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Late Antique Religion Paganism (polytheism)

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Having multiple gods, this went towards a singular God. The gods were anthromorphic and like super beings. Christians said their god was the supreme one with all the power. The old gods were jealous and not moral, they just wanted a goat.

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Late Antique Religion Mystery Cults

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They were mystical unions between the group and the divine. It was secretive and you had to be initiated into them then accepted. They offered a more experimental experience. They had a moral gale and offered details of what happened when you died , salvation and how you are saved. Example is Mithras which was similar to Christianity, ritual of cleansing sin etc.

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Messiah

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Jesus of Nazareth (d. c 30/36 CE) Love Charity, don't worry about worldly materials, judgement day, attoning for sins, enforcing moral code. He was the guy who would give political power to the Israelites. The Romans did not like him and the Christians refused to worship the emperor.

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The Conversion of the Roman Empire The Battle of the Milyian Bridge

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312 Outside of Rome it was a battle for the emperor of Rome. He Prayed to God and saw a symbol to carve into his shields. After this they won. Constantine then converted to Christianity.

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The Conversion of the Roman Empire The "Edict of Milan"

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313 It legalized the Christian Religion, there would no longer be Christians prosecuted. However it still was not the main religion.

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Church Organizations The Clergy

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Those who go pro. They are a separate class that went priests (small scale services), Bishops (Ruled the cities), arch bishops (are the senior Bishops).

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Roles of clergy

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Pope - Latin Christiandom, and successor to Peter (Petrus) Archbishop - Province Bishop - Diocese Priest - Parish

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Church Organizations Councils

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Met to decide problems. The general council seems to have supreme authority and be in control.

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Church Organizations The Council of Nicea

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325 questioned what it meant to be a Christian. Nicene creed established the basic belief, other beliefs were considered to be hierarchical. Disagreements of who he was, a man, divinity? To be Christian you had to accept both.

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Christianity and Pagan Philosophy St. Jerome

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Authoritative addition of the Bible (standard or Vulgate). He argued that Pagan works would be good for Christians. He translated the Bible into Latin from Greek and Hebrew. This became the standard for Mass.

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Christianity and Pagan Philosophy St. Augustine

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Well trained in classic philosophy (Greco-Roman and Christian). Defended the doctrine of Christianity, debated on free will between the communities and inside. He said we tend to choose bad (sin) as opposed to good. We are tainted with original sin. We need help from God to avoid sin and achieve salvation, this becomes the standard understanding.

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Church Vs State Pope Gelasius I

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It was the Bishops and Popes in control. The clergy were the most important. Kings and emperors are over body but priests are over your soul so more important. The church is becoming more powerful and claims to greater authority.

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Germanic Society Tactius, Germanina

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The leaders were not as powerful as Roman Emperors. Kings lead by example, they were the most powerful and chosen by a council.Not able the execute (priest then the tribe passed judgement, a barter system.

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Germanic Society Kingship

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Debts and blood feuds fell into the family. War was fought with your family.

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Germanic Society Lordship

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Bonds of communtatus, body guards for the most powerful people. Lord and vassals bonds with war.

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Germanic Society Personal Freedom

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Self help, ended with bloodshed but it was to help yourself often leading to blood feuds. Carry a weapon to show your freedom. Separate bands so not just one king.

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Germanic Society Law and Settlements

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Oath/ compurgation - take the oath and get others to join you. Trial by ordeal - something painful. Battle ordeals - battle and the winner was the innocent one. Weregild - the price you have to pay for doing wrong.

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Germanic Society Germanic Langages

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much like our language, they have books such as Hildebrand.

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Germanic Society Art

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Lavishly decorated armour of the leader. They were more abstract than lifelike.

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The Barbarian Invasions The Visigothic Migration

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The Visigoths were attacked by the Mongols so they asked for refuge. After being abused by tax collectors they rose up. The Battle of Adrianople in 378 marked them winning and killing the emperor. Rome falls to them.

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The Barbarian Invasions The Early Middle Ages

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500 - 1000 they bring their customs,culture and did not want to destroy the Roman Empire.

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Barbarian Kingdoms of the Early Middle ages Frankish Gaul

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Celts. Clovis united the Franks and was a successful leader. in 511 he established the most powerful tribes. He converted to Christianity

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Barbarian Kingdoms of the Early Middle ages Anglo - Saxon England

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Angle - Land, they were a form of barbarians.

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Barbarian Kingdoms of the Early Middle ages Lombard Italy

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The Lombards tried to take over parts of Italy. This was a challenge to Christianity as they didnt see him as a god

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The Conversion of Nations (Italy) Emperor Justinian

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An attempt by the Roman Emperor Justinian to rebuild. In 568 was the last barbarian invasion.

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The Lombard Invasion

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They were not Catholic and they posed a threat to the catholic religion.

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Gregory the Great

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He took to office when all hope was lost. He was a good war leader as well as the Pope. He made peace with the Lombards. He wanted to standardize the music in mass (Gregorian Chants)

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The Donation of Constantine

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A fake document that gave reason to why the Pope can act the way he does.

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The Conversion of Nations (Britain) Ireland

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The Pagons move in after the Brits moved out. The Celts put a spin on Christianity. St. Patrick converts Ireland to Christians. Had different ways such as Penance.

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The Conversion of Nations (Britain) Scotland

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St. Columbia establishes a monastery, he fights off Pagans. ( the monastery of Iona)

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The Conversion of Nations (Britain) England

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597 Augustine's mission sent by Gregory. He tore down shrines and destroyed idols. 664 they meet in the middle (Italy from the south and the celts from the north). The Synod of Whitby which took some from each side and they argue of put. Rome wins with some Celtic ways also.

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The Conversion of Nations France and Germany

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St. Boniface was to convert Germany to Christianity. He tore down Shrines and was killed.

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Christianity and Islam in Spain

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Mohammed spread his religion by being a leader and politics. He challenged Christianity he also united the tribes in the panicila. In 711 the Visigoths fall. Islam takes over most of Spain they also spread Paganism.

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Conversion of the People Pagan

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How to convert? Move into the places and build a church. After establish a parish system.

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Conversion of the People Saint

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Reincarnations of Holy People. After you died you had to have performed three miracles.

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Conversion of the People Relic

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Left behind by a saint, most of the time it was an actual piece of them. They were said to have magical powers.

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Conversion of the People Parish

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By the early middle ages most are converted.

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The Merovingian Franks Gavelkind

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The idea that when you die your land and possessions get split up by your kids. This is the reason why after Clovis the lands got split up.

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Rise of the Carolingians Charles Martel "The Hammer"

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He was against the Islams and in 723 he crossed into Spain and won taking them head on. He remained as mayor not the king.

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Rise of the Carolingians Pepin the Short

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Charles Martel's son he mapped out the Muslims and then drove them out. The Carolingians were still not in charge so he writes to the Pope asking if he can make an alliance and dethrone the king. He does and Pepin fights for the Pope. 756 Pepin give the ruler of Rome over to the Pope. He is the first king of the Carolingians.

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Charlemagne

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He expanded the reach of the Franks and united much of western Europe as he conquered it.

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Charlemagne Conquests

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He conquered the Lombards and added the king to his realm. The Saxons would not stay conquered and would rise up.So he killed 4000ish people and destroyed any Pagan idols or replaced them with Christian ones.

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The Coronation, Christmas Day

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On Christmas day 800CE at Mass the Pope placed a crown on Charlemagne's head. Einhard says Char was angered by this but the Royal Frankish Annals said everyone was happy.

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Charlemagne Implications of the coronation

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He behaved like an emperor. He built himself a palace, put his head on the coin. The Byzantines were not happy and there was the problem with the Pope having the power to depose him.

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The Carolingian Renaissance Law and Government

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National Law codes meant that you could follow the laws that were your own, based on your own traditions and ethnicity. There was attempt at a central government. Missi Dominici were messengers of the Lord who would collect taxes and enforce laws.

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The Carolingian Renaissance Literacy and Learning

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Priests need a basic education and ability to read or write latin. They ran monastic schools. There was also a school in the Palace. The fonts became easier to read and in York they wrote poetry to each other. They created 7 liberal arts.

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The Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian Art

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It was a revival of classic art, it was more realistic also new elements were added. There was also symbol painting.

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The Renaissance after Charlemagne

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John scotus Erigena was an Irish monk who was the head of the Carolingian Palace School, he was a philosopher and popularized neoplatonism. He translated Greek into Latin.

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The Decline of the Carolingian Empire Emperor Louis the Pious.

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-The empire is split up into three thanks to gavelkind. EMPEROR LOUIS THE PIOUS wanted to pass it all down to one son but no. -The treaty of Verdun, 843 Charles the Bald= west frankia, Louis= East and Lother= middle the most wanted part. (Lorraine) 900 CE they broke down the boarders and the carolingians had broken down.

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The New invasions The Muslims (saracens)

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Saracens meaning easterners, they were having success in raiding western Europe after the fall of the Carolingian empire they go aggressive.

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The New Invasions The Vikings

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-They were mostly undefeated and wanted wealth. They raided in patterns and eventually came to stay. They went to less defence. Their technology such as the long boat and the sun stone made them efficient. They liked to instill fear into their victims (dragon boats) - France wants to assimilate them so he agrees Rollo can be the ruler of Normandy (Northman) As long as he converts from Pagan to Christian and marries the kings daughter. -England and the Danelaw all of England band together to fight off the viking attacks. They also paid off them to keep them away.

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The New Invasions The Magyars

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Hungarians who come in on horses and raid Germany and Italy.

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The Ottonians Henry I

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He was elected to run counterattacks against the raiders. He united the tribes and built castles in 919. He was not the best leader.

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The Ottonians Otto the Great

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Was Henry's son and a great leader. The Battle of LECHFELD in 955 was the battle that defeated the Magyars. He is crowned HRE and starts the 'Imperial Church system' which means that bishops are appointed each time and they state and church become intertwined.

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The Ottonian Renaissance

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Gerbert of Aurillac/Sylvester II went to Arabia and brought back their numbers and an abacus. Roswitha of Gandersheim was a nun, historian of Otto and was the first playwright

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Etymology and the meaning of "Feudalism" Lords

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The "feudum" or fief and protection. Was a piece of land given to the vassal in exchange for protection. Similar to Communitas or a military alliance.

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Etymology and the meaning of "Feudalism" Vassals

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Gave military service, council and aided their Lords. They would go oversee the peasants on the land and collect taxes. They attended to the lord and gave advice on legal and strategic issues.

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Etymology and the meaning of "Feudalism" Commendation

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This became a solid bond between the vassal and the lord. Homage was becoming one with your lord. You would puts hands in each others and be willing to die for them. Fealty meant a promise of loyalty.

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Etymology and the meaning of "Feudalism" Feudalism vs. manorialism

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Feudalism is military for the lord or fighting. Manorialism is paying taxes to the Manor and not expected to fight.

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The Emergence of Feudalism The White/Brunner thesis

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732 White/Brunner said that feudalism arose because they wanted to make calvary soldiers. Stirrups were a new technology that could help the rider brace themselves but this is not proven to be used.

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Charles the Bald

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877 or Charles the bald halts the muslim advances into France. He recognized heretical succession and the principle for fiefs. The king could no longer fire counts and Dukes because it was passed down to their children and the king loses some of his control. He was Louis the Paius son. He was given west Frankia.

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The 'Feudal Reform'

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1000 New technologies such as the castle. This was a fortification built on a hill so now you can see vassals and lords. They started to name themselves after the castle. Primogeniture changed so the first born would inherit the land -Milites mean multiple military and the knights (soldiers on horse back) became a new class. The new nobility and became increasingly powerful (politically, military and judicial) -Chivalry was how to be a knight, they had a specific was of acting and a code. (aristocrats) -Three orders...

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Monastic Reform

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The clergy became unable to get married and it began the separation of church and state. This was because the Ottonian empire had made bishops able to rule the empire. Some bishops were there for the money and were also knights so they had to be changed.

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Monastic Reform Cluny

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In France the state chose the abbots and not the clergy themselves. So they asked the people who gave them their lands to step back so they could have their own leaders. They built churches and kicked out any corrupt or married clergy.

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Monastic Reform Lorraine

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In Germany they saw laity as a good thing so giving up your possessions and living like a common person.

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Papal Reform (the 'Gregorian Reform') Emperor Henry III

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Stephan VIII quits Pope and sells it then wants it back. Three Popes so Henry III comes down (HRE) and deposes all three then puts his own in.

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Papal Reform (the 'Gregorian Reform') Pope Leo IX

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He came from Lorraine and continues the reform. He decides the standards (what does it mean and main goals) He tried to enforce reforms such as marriage and kick out who was only there for the money. Eastern and Western split.

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Papal Reform (the 'Gregorian Reform') Cardinal Peter Damian

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Nicolaism which is the buying and selling of church offices. This was a problem because it leads to distrust and corruption within the church.

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Papal Reform (the 'Gregorian Reform') Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida

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Simony is the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices

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Papal Reform (the 'Gregorian Reform') Papal Primacy

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Papal primacy was enforcing the rules and that the Pope was the head and could kick anyone out of the church. The Eastern schism, 1054 this was that they disagreed that they could not get married and argued if the Pope had the right to declare who could get married. The two churches split. West = the Pope was supreme and East= Byzantine eastern Orthodox church.

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Papal Reform (the 'Gregorian Reform') Pope Nicolas II

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He put the procedure for the election of the Pope and who gets a say in what happens. The papal Election Decree, 1059 was to lock the cardinals in a room until they decided who the new Pope was. Cardinals went from a ceremonial role to an important role. They were the only ones who could choose the Pope as opposed to the nobles who used to choose the Pope.

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The Investiture Controversy Lay Investiture

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The bishop is given a symbol of their office (a staff and a ring) this was given by the emperor. It was increasingly like Simony.

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The Investiture Controversy Emperor Henry IV

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Henry and the Pope fight it out as the Pope gains power over if he can dethrone the emperor. He excommunicates Henry who begs forgiveness.

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The Investiture Controversy Pope Gregory VII

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Hildebrand, the Dictatus Papae which was the decree of the Pope. He can accuse you of a crime and if you do not show up to court you are guilty. He can depose and reinstate bishops. He himself can not be judged. The Pope can depose emperors (so he is more important)

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The Investiture Controversy Canossa

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Henry the IV goes to Canossa and begs for penance. He sits there for three days in bare feet in the snow. After he is forgiven he suppresses the Saxons rebellion and then kicks out Gregory VII.

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The Investiture Controversy The Concordat of Worms

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1122 was a solution that said that the king is restricted in lay investiture. The emperor can sit in and help decide the Pope. It separates the church and the state. The reformers win on the side of abstinence. This leads to a struggle in power between the state and Pope. The Pope has more power.

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