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End of the Republic

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The Republic had developed a problem of who should rule - the senate or a popular political leader. This resulted in many slave uprisings, rebellions, and civil wars. Out of this chaos, Julius Caesar becomes dictator and makes the republic an empire.

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The Gracchi Brothers

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Two young partician bothers who made reforms to help the poorer members of roman society. The senate feared there power that they gained from the people as tribunes so they had them killed. (c. 133 BCE)

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The First Triumvirate

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an unofficial political alliance known as an Amitica, between three prominent Roman politicians (triumvirs) which included Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus.

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Julius Caesar

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58 BCE Conqured Gaul, France, Belgium, Italy, and much of the Mediterranean. Employed and gave land to the poor, allowed more citizenship, and used Egyptian Calendar with new reforms. 44 BCE he was killed in fear of him gaining enough power to become a king.

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Mark Antony

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The death of Julius Caesar set off civil war of which was brought to rest with Mark Antony and Octavian unil Mark was killed by Octivian.

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Octivian

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The death of Julius Caesar set off civil war of which was brought to rest with Mark Antony and Octavian unil Mark was killed by Octivian. Changed name to Augustus and ruled an absolut rule from 31 BCE- 14 CE. Ordered a census and other economic reforms.

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Pax Romana

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The rule from Augustus - Marcus Aurelius that brought peace and the rule was from the Euphrates river to Britain.

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The Rise of the Roman Empire

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With the rule Augustus, Emperors exerted absolute rule and expanded Rome. Overall this change made it an Empire 27 BCE - 476 CE.

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The Julio Claudian Emporers

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The Julio-Claudian empire is known for slightly insane emperors and the empire started from Julius Caesar. Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula (also known as Gaius), Claudius, and Nero.

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The Flavian Emperors

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Included Vespasian (69-79 CE), and his two sons Titus (79-81CE) and Domitian (81-96 CE). The Flavians rose to power during the civil war of 69, known as the Year of the Four Emperors.

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The Good Emperors

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Hadrian were examples Marcus Aurelius. Under these emperors there was peace and positive reforms.

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Diocletian and Constantine

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Constantine permitted Christians the right to worship with the Edict of Milan 313 CE. Whereas Diocletian prosecuted and killed Christians.

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The Long Decline and the Fall of the Roman Empire

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Emperors were constantly assassinated. They entered economic trouble with too large of taxes as well as inflation. Diocletian helps and splits the empire into a wealthier east and poorer west but proves temporary. Then Rome loses much of the empire to the Huns forcing the Germanic people to take over Roman land.

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The Spread of Christianity

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Mostly done my the missionaries, Paul and Peter.

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Paul

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missionary who spread the teachings of Jesus to Jews and gentiles.

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Peter

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missionary who spread the teachings of Jesus. He set up Churches across Asia Minor and wrote down the teachings in The New Testament.

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The Teachings of Jesus

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Rotted in Jewish tradition. Believed in one god and accepted the Ten Commandments. Preached new ideas and claimed to be the Son of God. People believed him to be the messiah. Emphasized God's love and taught the need for justice, morality, and service to others.

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The Early Church

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People had to be baptized. Worshiped every Sunday. Ate bread and wine in the sacred rite of Eucharist. Church viewed all as equal; slave, freeman, woman, man, child, or adult. Only male clergies. To define heresies, the Council of Nicaea decided on the fundamental beliefs of Christianity.

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Church Controversies

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Middle ages brought a lot of wealth to the Christian Church which gave clergy, nuns, and monks the opportunity to become corrupt and forget their vows. Abbot Berno edited and reinforced the Benedictine Rule. Gregory VII picked the clergy rather than the secular rulers in order to decrease corruption.

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The Roman Catholic Church-Role as a Political Institution

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The fear of an eternal hell after dying meant that the people turned to the church to guide them on a path to heaven. They obeyed the Church's canon laws and any other words of the church. Overall this gave the church a massive power that secular rulers did not have.

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The Significance of Sacraments

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Sacraments from the church was a sign that you were on the track to heaven not hell. But if the church found that you have disobeyed their teachings they would excommunicate you or put an interdict on an entire town or region. Interdicts and excommunications meant that you were going to hell.

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The Significance of The Nicene Creed

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The Nicene Creed were the rules that determined whether someone was committing heresy. They were the fundamental beliefs of Christianity as outlined by the leaders of Christianity.

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St Francis of Assisi

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Established the first order of friars known as Franciscans. Gave up a comfortable life to preach the Gospels, poverty, humility, and love of God.

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St Dominic

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The Spanish Priest who established the Dominican order of friars. Dedicated themselves to teaching official Christian beliefs in order to combat heresies and religious doctrines that differed from church teachings.

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The Franks

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a Germanic tribe that conquered present day France and neighboring lands in the 400's. They were mostly farmers and herders with no written laws or cities. They established small kingdoms ruled by councils and from 400 to 700 they would carve Western Europe into small kingdoms.

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Theodoric

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was king of the Ostrogoths (475-526 CE) ruler of Italy (493-526 CE), regent of the Visigoths (511-526 CE), and a patricius of the Roman Empire

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Clovis

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Merovingian Ruler of one of the many Germanic kingdoms of united Gauls that replaced the once unified Roman Empire.

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The Merovingians

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a Salian Frankish dynasty that ruled the Franks for nearly (400's-700's CE)

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The Carolingians

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was the final stage in the history of the early medieval realm of the Franks

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Charles Martel

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A Carolingian ruler who rallied armies of Frankish warriors across France to fight the invading Muslims in the battle of Tours (732 CE)

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Battle of Tours

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Invasion of the Muslim Empire into France in 732 CE. This battle was won by the Christian Carolingian and halted the spread of the Muslim Empire into Europe.

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Pepin

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First Carolingian King and son of Charlemagne. Defeated the Lombard in Northern Italy and was crowned by the pope in 752.

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Donation of Pepin

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Gave the Papal States ( Donated all of Southern Italy to the Pope, except Vatican city, which he already had)

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Charlemagne and His Achievments

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Second Carolingian King. Allied with the Roman Catholic Church. Crowned by Pope Leo III in 800 for defeating Leo III's rivals. This was significant because it made him a Roman Emperor in the eyes of the Church. United Western Europe of what is now France, Germany, and part of Italy. In doing this he spread Christianity and built schools to educate the people in Latin. Overall he credited with blending Christian, Germanic, and Roman culture.

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Magyars

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In 900 CE, these people settled in Hungary and proceeded to plunder Eastern Europe and continued on to Western Europe until pushed back into Hungary 50 years later (950 CE).

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Muslims

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Followers of the religion Islam. One who submits to God.

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Vikings

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Broke the last threads of Charlemagne's empire. From Scandinavia, they were farmers, independent chieftains, and expert sailors. 700's they loot communities in Europe. They became traders, looters, and explorers (all the way to North America). They ended up settling in England, Ireland, Northern France, and Russia.

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Treaty of Verdun

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The Treaty of Verdun, signed in August 843, was the first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne. France was given to Charles the Bald. Italy and Papal states were given to Lothair. Germany given to Louis the German.

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Strasbourg Oath

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Pledges of of allegiance between Charles the Bald, Lothair, and Louis the German.

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Monasteries

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Places to which men would remove themselves from the world and live a monastic life as monks. Similarly done by women as nuns in convents. They acted as hospitals and educational facilities when there was a lack there of.

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Mendicant Friars

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The mendicant friars were bound by a vow of absolute poverty and dedication to an ascetic way of life. They lived as Christ did, renouncing property and traveling the world to preach.

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Reform Movements (Monks and Nuns)

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900's Abbot Berno reinforced the Benedictine Rule of obedience, poverty and chastity and refused to allow nobles or bishops to interfere with monastery affairs. Instead he had monasteries under the direct protection of the Pope.

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The Role of the Medieval Church

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Had a strong political power because of it being able to control who received sacraments. This is known as Papal Supremacy because its strength over the people was stronger than that of the secular leaders.

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Muhammed

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Born in 570 CE in Mecca at 40 years old, he recieved the word of god from the Angel Gabriel. From there, he gained a following in Mecca until he was kicked out to Medina. He then reclaimed Mecca and destroyed the pagan idols in the Kaaba and made it a holy place for Islam. He died in 632 CE.

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Five Pillars

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1. Declaration of Faith 2. Pray Five Times Daily 3. Give Alms to the Poor 4. Fast During Ramadan 5. Make Hajj/Pilgrimage to Mecca

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Kaaba

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Temple that is believed to have been built by Abraham to worship one true God. It was taken from the pagan Bedouins.

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Orthodox

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conforming to what is generally or traditionally accepted as right or true; established and approved.

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Abbasid Caliphate

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The Muslim dynasty that ruled from Baghdad from 750-1258 CE. They were a Shiite dynasty whose rule was based on equality for all Muslims.

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Umayyad Dynsaty

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Members of the Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled the Muslim Empire from 661 to 750 CE. They expanded the Empire from the byzantine empire and Spain to North Africa and India. However during their rule, they governed using local officials and gave Arabs more privileges and rights than non-Arabs. Eventually when their conquests halted they reached economic tension and the most of the resources were used to support the caliph's luxurious lifestyle. This led to their overthrow in 750 CE.

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Shiite

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Members of Islam who believe the caliph should be descendants of Ali and Fatima, Muhammad's son-in-law and daughter.

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Sunni

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Members of Islam who compromised and believe the caliph should be a pious pious male from Muhammad's tribe. Majority of Muslims today belong to this sect of Islam.

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Muslim Culture in Spain/Cordova

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The last caliph of the Umayyad dynasty fled to and continued to rule over Spain from the capital Cordova. Muslim rulers presided over brilliant courts where arts and learning thrived. They were very tolerant of Jews and Christians. Scholars here studied philosophy and science.

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Islamic Cultural Achievements

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Develop a trade network and included banks with a credit system. Had guild-like cities that profited well. Preserved and extended agricultural land and catered to the water scarcity problems. Society had social mobility. Literature, art, and architecture improved (EX: Thousand and one nights). Developed many learning centers and made developments in medicine and mathematics. They also studied philosophy of Greek and Latin writings and made new ones as well.

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Causes and Effects of the Crusades on the Middle East

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Established a greater Christian Influence and population in the Middle East, but caused conflict because of the brutal actions that the Crusaders took to try to obtain the Holy Land.

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Causes and Effects of the Crusades on Western Europe

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Trade expanded due to the goods brought back from the Middle East and Byzantine Empire. Increased the power of Monarchs and united Christians under the Church because the original motive for the Crusades was religion. Also it led to more exploration as seeing the world of the Muslims opened their eyes to places outside of Europe.

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Seljuk Turks

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1050's they invade the Byzantine Empire and Rule over Jerusalem. They had migrated from Central Asia to the Middle East. Their rule over the Christian Holy landed sparked the Crusades.

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Ottoman Turks

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Turkish speaking Nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia to Asia Minor in the 1300's. 1453 Ottomans take Constantinople and rename it Istanbul and entered a Golden Age under the rule of Suleiman 1520-1566 under which they expanded. Their social hierarchy, descending, was soldiers--> scientists, poets, lawyers --> merchants, tax collectors --> farmers. People dived by religion into millets or communities. Had an elite fighting force known as the janizaries. After Suleiman, the empire declined with corruption and lands were captured by other peoples.

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The Crusades

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a series of wars from the 1000's through the 1200's in which European Christians tried to win the Holy Land from the Muslims.

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Origin of the Crusades

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The Seljuk Turks took over the Holy Land and threatened the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Emperor asks Pope Urban II for Christian Knights to help him fight the Seljuk Turks and free the Holy Land.

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Consequences of the Crusades

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A mutual hate forms between Christians and Muslims and lasts even to this day.

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The First Crusade

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60,000 French Nobility and some Italian soldiers and knights siege Jerusalem and slaughter innocent, men, women, and children of all religions, Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. Overall they win and conquer the Holy Land 1099 CE.

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The Second Crusade

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The crusader states, land divisions made from the re-capture of the Holy Land from the first Crusade, are constantly attacked and finally recaptured in 1187 by Salah al-Din or Saladin.

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The Third Crusade

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Europeans try to retake Jerusalem and fail. Saladin charitably decides to reopen Jerusalem to Christian Pilgrims.

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The Fourth Crusade

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1204, Christian Crusaders captured and looted Constantinople. And the Muslims capture the last of the Crusader States 1291.

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The Byzantine Empire

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Established as the Eastern Portion of the Roman Empire and existed after the fall of the west. It became the hub of Eastern Christianity and a blend of Greek and Christian culture.

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Patriarch

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Highest Church official in the Eastern Christian Church located in Constantinople.

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Constantinople

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Capital of the Byzantine Empire. Remained existent and resisted all attempts of capture until 1453 when it fell to the Ottoman Turks.

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Justinian and His Ahivements

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Absolute Ruler from 527 to 565 CE with his wife, Theodora. Together they revived much of Rome's power and conquered more land. He rebuilt the city in 532 CE after a great fire and built the Hagia Sophia. Also developed a code of laws that was a revision of the laws of Ancient Rome. Also developed a strong economy and even stronger military and navy that used Greek fire and primarily protected Constantinople.

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Theodora

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Empress of the Byzantine Empire who was known to be cunning, beautiful, and a tough, crude ruler. She is believed to be the backbone of Emperor Justinian's Rule.

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Byzantinian Dynasties Conflicts and Crises

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After the great Schism, the empire weakened and shrunk due to enemies claiming some of there land. The Crusades brought a trade rivalry between the west and East so in 1204, Crusaders captured Constantinople. After its reclamation in 1260's it never fully recovered economically. Eventually the Ottoman Turks siege Constantinople and take over.

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Theological Controversies In Christian Churches

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The Byzantine Emperor was not a priest but could control who was the Patriarch making them a Secular Leader and Religious Leader as well. Clergy could marry. Also they Eastern Church permitted the worship through icons. These and other controversies led to the Great Schism.

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The Adoption of Eastern Orthodox Religion by Vladimir, Prince of Kiev

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957 CE, Olga of Kiev converted to Byzantine Christianitythe her Grandson Vladimir spread the religion and even married the byzantine emperor's sister. He makes it the official religion of the Rus and adopts byzantine art, architecture, and culture.

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Feudalism and Its Origins in Europe

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loosely organized system of rue in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings to lesser lords or vassals in exchange for the vassal's pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord.

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Manorialism

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Economic system of the Manor/lord's estate. This included one or more villages of peasants, serfs, and other people who worked on the manor.

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Growth of Towns and Trade

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The trade increase from the crusades and an increased population from agricultural technological advances led to the expanding of trade routes and formation of guilds and towns as well as the rise of the middle class.

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Feudal Society

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Monarch --> powerful lords, dukes, counts-->vassals-->peasants

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Serf

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Peasants bound to the land of manors. Tough not slaves, they could be bought and sold.

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Nobility, Knights, Royalty

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Boys of nobility began training from childhood to adulthood to become knights. They were the highest social class under monarchs. They followed a code of conduct known as chivalry.

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The Feudal Contract

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The political and legal relationship between lords and vassals based on the exchange of land for military service. It was established by custom and tradition by the exchange of pledges.

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The Code of Chivalry

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The requirement that knights to be brave, loyal true to their word. In warfare, they had fight fairly. Demanded that women be placed on pedestal.

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Medieval Education

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In the High Middle Ages the need for education expanded. In the 1100's schools had sprung up and were organized like guilds. Study covered arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Other programs covered law, medicine, and theology. Muslim works translated into Latin revolutionized education. To avoid contradiction with religion scholars used scholasticism to support Christian beliefs.

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Medieval Science

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Translated works from Muslim Spain were studies. Scholars studied the works of Hippocrates, Euclid, and other Arab Scientists. They made progress but religion prevented any real advances.

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Medieval Literature

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Written in local or vernacular languages. Literature of Heroes: Song of Roland (Charlemagne's knights), Poem of the Cid (Spanish Lord).

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Divine Comedy

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Written by Dante Alighieri in the 1300's. It describes the journey to hell and heaven.

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Canterbury Tales

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Written by Geoffrey Chaucer. Describes a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket's tomb. Describes the life of a knight, plowman, merchant, miller, monk, and nun.

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Scholasticism

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The idea of taking new discoveries in science and mathematics and using religion to support the findings.

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Peter Abelard

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The dude who thought that "I must understand so that I may believe." Put reason and logic above faith and saw it as a priority. Challenged the thinking of the church and it got him in trouble

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Thomas Aquinas

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Famous user of Scholasticism. Most famous work was Summa Theologica where he concluded that faith and reason exist in harmony. In doing this he brought together Greek Philosophy and Christian Faith.

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Vernacular Language

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Local language of the people.

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Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

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Romanesque was more like a fortress with long tunnel of stone supported by massive walls an little lighting. Gothic was iconic for its flying buttresses. It had higher and thinner walls and large glass stained windows.

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Holy Roman Empire

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Ruled the lands from Germany to Italy and had frequent conflicts with Church Officials.

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The Three Major German Dynasties

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The Liudolfing (or Ottonian), Salian, and Hohenstaufen

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Otto the Great

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Duke of Otto took the title King of Germany in 936. After defeating the Pope's rebels he was crowned emperor by the Church.

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Henry the IV vs. Pope Gregory VII (The Investiture Controversy)

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Pope Gregory VII ended lay investiture, a system which allowed secular leaders to pick bishops. Gregory's new policy meant that only the pope could pick the bishops. Gregory VII excommunicated Henry's kingdom so Henry confessed for his sins. He then marched an army to Rome and forced the pope into exile.

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The Norman Conquest of England (1066 CE)

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William of Normandy won the backing of the pope and sailed for England. He won the battle of Hastings and became king of England. This lead to the blending of Norman French and Anglo Saxon customs, languages, and tradition.

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William I

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William of Normandy who became known as William the Conqueror for his capture of England at the battle of Hastings.

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Harold Godwinson

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Harold II, lost the battle of Hastings to William the Conqueror.

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Harold Hadrada

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Became Leader of Norway in 1066.

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Henry II

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1154 CE, Henry II became King of England. Established common law and early jury system. He also believed that members of the clergy in royal courts even though opposed by Thomas Becket the archbishop of Canterbury. He was responsible for the murder of Becket.

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Richard I

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Son of Henry II and known as Richard the Lionhearted for his reputation as brave warrior.

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John

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Youngest son of Henry II and known fro being clever, cruel, and untrustworthy. He was the only Norman ruler of England to lose French Lands. He also lost his argument over the next pope to Pope Innocent II and had to pay a yearly fee to Rome. His nobles, angered with his poor ruling skill, made him sign the Magna Carta in 1215.

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Thomas Becket

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Archbishop of Canterbury who was murdered by members of Henry II's court over the dispute of whether members of the clergy should be tried in a royal court. Henry believed that they shouldn't.

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Magna Carta (1215 CE)

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Great Charter. document that King John's nobles forced John to sign in 1215 CE. It outlined the rights of nobles, people, and that the monarchy had to obey the laws of the people. It also formed and enforced the idea of the due process of law and habeas corpus. It also made the King agree to meet with his great council before he raises taxes.

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Origin of Parliament

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In keeping up with the Magna Carta, English rulers would often call on their Great Councils for advice. This Council developed into Parliament in the 1200's and later became England's Legislature. When it became made up of representatives of the common people, it was known as the Model Parliament. It eventually split into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It established and gained its power on its Power of the Purse.

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Lords and Commons

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Lords were the nobleman, knights, and high clergy and Commons were the common people.

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Edward I

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1295 CE, Had representatives of the common people join his Great Council making it a Model Parliament.

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The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

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On top of exsiting tensions, Edward III of England, whose mother was a princess of France, claimed the French thrown in 1337. This sparked the war. The war was also a struggle for the English Channel. It was won by Charles VII and impact of Joan of Arc and the use of the canon.

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Crecy 1346, Poitier 1356, Angicourt 1415

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Battles won by the English in the Hundred Years War primarily through the use of the longbow.

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Edward III of England

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Son of French Princess who claimed the thrown in 1337 which sparked the Hundred Years War.

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The War of Roses

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Fight over the English crown between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. Began when Richard, Duke of York, tried to take the crown from Henry VI, head of the House of Lancaster. This lead to 30 years of civil war. Ended when Henry Tudor (Lancaster) defeated King Richard III (York) and became King Henry VII and Married Elizabeth of York.

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France in the Middle Ages

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During the Middle Ages, France was split into three estates. First Estate: clergy, Second Estate: nobility, Third Estate: the rest of the population. Members of the clergy lived lavishly and payed no tax to the state.

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The Capetian Kings

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987 CE, Hugh Capet is elected to fill the empty French throne by the nobles. He was likely picked because he was weak but he gained power on the throne. He made the thrown hereditary. The Capetian Kings won the support of the Church and won land by turning nobles against one another. They ruled for 300 years, built an effective bureaucracy, taxed royal land, and gained the backing of the Middle Class.

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Philip IV

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Grandson of Louis IX who extended royal power. Began collecting taxes from the Clergy. This led to a clash with Pope Boniface VIII who said he couldn't tax the clergy. Philip ended up driving out of papacy. A result of his leaving a Frenchman was made pope and moved the the Church to Avignon at the same time a rival claimed to be the true leader of the Church in Rome. During this struggle Philip established the Estates General or three Estates System.

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Joan of Arc

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1429 CE, 17 year old peasant, Joan of Arc claimed to be sent from God to save France in the Hundred Years War. Charles VII authorized her and she proved victorious. She eventually was taken captive by allies of the English and burned at the stake for witchcraft. The French viewed her as a martyr and won the war by using canons and taking the offensive after her death.

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Charles VII

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The uncrowned king of France who authorized Joan of Arc in the Hundred Years War. He eventually claims the thrown after winning. He had the option of paying a ransom for the release of Joan when she was taken captive but for some reason did not pay.

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France as a Nation-State

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French Kings expanded there power due to a growing sense of national feeling.

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Granada (1492 CE)

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Christians in the 1300's had captured most of Spain down to Granada. In 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unified the Christians under the state of Spain. Using their combined forces, they conquered Granada in 1492 ending the Reconquista. After there takeover, they implemented the Inquisition and removed all no-Christians from Spain.

Medieval History (Dolan) Semester 2 Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards

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