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The Roman Catholic Church

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What does the book mean when it talks about 'the church?' Be specific and be careful - the question is (slightly) less obvious than it looks.

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the church was a safe space for everyone

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sanctuary

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sacred rituals performed by the church, baptism, conformation, matrimony, penance, extreme unction, Holy Eucharist, Holy orders

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sacraments

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when a person is banished from the church.

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excommunication

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when you banish a whole territory from the church.

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interdict

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The Sacraments confirmed the central position of the church in the lives of ordinary people in the middle ages. By doing the sacraments, your could achieve salvation in the next life, because believed that all people were born sinners. Without the sacraments, you would be damned.

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Explain how the sacraments confirmed the central position of the church in the lives of ordinary people in the middle ages.

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It was a mixture of Roman Law and of the regulations that had been issued over the years by Church authorities and councils.

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canon law

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It fueled tension between them, because both sides wanted to rule the territory based off of there beliefs. For example, there was lots of disputes over whether or not the church or state should rule over the court.

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How did canon law fuel tension between church and state, bishop and king?

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religious people who lived in solitude

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hermits

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a religious community where monks lived.

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monastery

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a greek monk who made a set of rules or a code of conduct

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Saint Basil

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wrote a rule that was adopted by monasteries in the west. He established a monastery named monte casino in 529 A.D.

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Saint Benedict

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a monastery that was established by saint Benedict in 529 A.D.

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Monte Cassino

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The code of conduct created by Saint Benedict, said that every monk in his monastery, had to live a life of chastity, poverty, and obedience to the Benedictine Rule.

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Benedictine Rule

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a period of training for monks at monte cassino

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novitiate

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they collected and copied valuable manuscript, at a time in which scholarship in the ancient world was being lost. This made monasteries a center for learning.

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What social, even historical services did early Benedictine monasteries provide?

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he was a pope, but started off as a Benedictine monk. Sent a group of monks to the west, in order to convert the paganistic people of England.

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Gregory the Great

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an English Benedictine monk and chronicler he wrote about the barbarians in England.

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Venerable Bede

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Augustine said to Gregory, that they were scared and wanted to return home. Gregory responded, that they shouldn't be scared, and that their labor will be rewarded for eternity.

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Augustine, on his way to Britain (and to becoming another St. Augustine) wrote a heartfelt letter to Gregory the Great, and the pope answered. What did each have to say?

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It is where Saint Augustine and his men stayed while they were converting the pagans of England.

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Canterbury

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Saint Benedicts twin sister, she established a convent near Monte casino.

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Scholastica

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monasteries for women

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convents

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The practice of wealthy people buying high church positions for themselves.

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simony

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A disciplined spiritual center (and monastery), separated from the secular world.

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Cluny

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Monks monasteries owed allegiance to lords and rulers, while Cluniacs owed allegiance only to the pope. The Cluniacs also practiced rigid adherence to their vows, while monks were a little more lenient when it came to upholding their vows.

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What distinguishes Cluniacs from other monks?

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A reform movement similar to the Cluniacs, in the sense that they strictly upheld their vows and discipline.

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Cistercians

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Where Cistercian was founded.

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Citeaux

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the most well known Cistercian, he believed that all christians should devote their lives to the study and contemplation of God's goodness, and should attempt in every way possible to follow God's guidance. Even the most horrible sinner could achieve salvation through God.

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Bernard of Clairvaux

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a governing body made up of the abbots of all the monasteries.

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General Chapter

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a room in which monks copied and illuminated manuscripts.

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scriptorium

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I would expect a Cistercian monastery to be very plain and dull and most likely out in a rural area. It would have fields to work in. I would most likely be left with my bed, a few clothes, and my Bible.

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From reading Bernard of Clairvaux, what would you expect a Cistercian monastery to look like? If you let him decorate your bedroom, what changes might you expect?

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He sanctioned over the establishment of two new order, the Dominicans and the Franciscans. Led a crusade against the Albigensian heresy.

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Pope Innocent III

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founded in 1216 A.D. by Saint Dominic. Joined the crusade against the Albigensian heresy. Founded many schools and often served on church courts.

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Dominicans

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Founded by Francis, became immensely popular, big focus on education.

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Franciscans

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Holy men of the church, who shaved the middle of their head. They lived among the people serving the needy. They begged for money to finance their good works.

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friars

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Friars were in cities and towns living with the people, while monks lived only with other monks, in monasteries.

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What differentiates a "friar" from a "monk"?

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a religious man who lived in monastery

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monk

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religious beggars. another name for friars.

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mendicants

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A Dominican theologist who created writings, that are still used today.

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Thomas Aquinas

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founded the Dominican order in 1216 A.D., and joined the crusade against the Albigensian heresy. Thought that the best way to fight heresy was to go back to the simple ways of the apostles - wearing simple clothes, going among the poor to preach and teach.

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Saint Dominic

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A group of people, who believed that the earth was a battle ground between the forces of good and evil. Looked on the Church as an evil force because of its wealth and power.

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Albigensian heresy

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sanctioned the Dominicans in 1216

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Pope Honorius III

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he was a well-educated Spaniard. He joined the crusade against the Albigensian heresy. As an educated man, he thought the best way to fight heresy was to go back to simplicity in the church (go back to basics) and focus on teaching in his ministry.

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How does the life of Saint Dominic foreshadow the character of the Dominican order?

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where Saint Francis was from

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Assisi

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He was a prisoner of war for a year (1202). When he returned home, he was ill for a long time. During the illness, he became convinced that he should renounce his worldly possessions and dedicate his life to preaching to the poor. He wandered around Italy and was appalled at the differences between rich and poor. He then used his father's money to fix churches and was punished severely for it. Finally, he just pledged his life to poverty and helping the poor and sick.

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What events in the life of Saint Francis caused his conversion?

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official name of the Dominicans

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Order of Friar Preachers

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official name of the Franciscans

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Order of Friars Minor

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a noble woman who gave up her possessions and founded the Poor Clares. Inspired by the Franciscans.

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Clare

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an order of nuns that helped the less fortunate. Inspired by the Franciscans.

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Poor Clares

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They controlled from Afghanistan to Baghdad, Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine - they ended up in control of Jerusalem, and were not as tolerant of Christian pilgrims as the Arabs had been.

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by 1085, what was the territory controlled by the Seljuk Turks?

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1. reunite the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church 2. protect the Christians in the East 3. free the Holy Land from the Moslems 4. send away quarrelsome feudal nobles

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What did Pope Urban II hope to achieve through the crusades?

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the Byzantine emperor in 1091 - requested help from Pope Urban II to protect his land and the Christians on pilgrimages to the Holy Land. Seen as a traitor to the crusading cause when he abandoned the Crusaders who were under siege at Antioch.

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Alexius Comnenus I

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he called the first crusade

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Pope Urban II

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where Pope Urban II declared the crusade to the church council in 1095

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Clermont

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1. Christian obligation - it was God's will 2. hoped to gain wealth or land and improve their status 3. adventure or escape from their lives as peasants 4. penance for their sins or to achieve salvation

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Why did people join the first crusade (1096-1099)?

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a monk from Amiens in France. He assembled 30,000 volunteers for the crusades, and he set out overland with them to head through Europe to Constantinople without any nobles. As they passed through central Europe, they massacred Jews. When they reached Bulgaria, they were so starving that they took grain from the Christian Bulgars who retaliated by murdering them in the night. When they reached Asia Minor, they were mercilessly attacked and either murdered or turned into slaves by the Turks.

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Peter the Hermit and his unsuccessful crusade

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one of the crusading nobles. Named King of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. He and his successors ruled Jerusalem for nearly a century.

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Godfrey of Bouillon

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city in northern Syria that the Crusaders captured. They were then besieged by the Turks, but they were reinspired by their faith (and finding a rusty lance that had supposedly been used to stab Jesus) and routed the Turks.

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Antioch

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the peasant soldier whose vision led to the discovery of the rusty lance which inspired the crusaders to rout the Turks at Antioch

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Peter Bartholomew

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named head of County of Edessa

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Baldwin of Lorraine

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named head of Principality of Antioch

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Bohemond of Italy

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controlled County of Tripoli

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Raymond of Toulouse

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They split it up into 4 parts: Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli, and they named guardians to each (Godfrey, Baldwin, Bohemond, and Raymond). They build fortified castles in each territory.

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How did the crusaders handle controlling the territory they had captured in the middle east?

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They ended up integrating with the Moslems. They adopted local customs of clothing and food, visited local doctors, and even married Moslem women. They even considered themselves to be locals.

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What happened to the Christians who settled in the middle east?

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a crusader who remained in the Holy Land and who chronicled his life there.

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Fulk of Chartres

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founded about 1118. headquartered on the site of the Temple of Solomon. Took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Charged with helping pilgrims. Also known as the Templars, they eventually became so wealthy and powerful that they ignored original purpose - became large-scale bankers

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Knights of the Temple

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also known as the Hospitalers. Founded about 1083 in the Benedictine abbey at Amalfi (in Italy). Provided food and shelter to pilgrims. By 1201, they expanded activities to include fighting the Moslems in the Holy Land. Eventually moved to Malta and became wealthy, vying for power with the local secular rulers.

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Knights of Saint John

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also known as the Teutonic Knights. founded in 1127 in Jerusalem. originally charitable, but eventually became military and political, crusading against pagan people in the Baltics.

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Order of Saint Mary of the Teutons

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ordered a Second Crusade after the fall of Edessa back to the Turks.

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Pope Eugenius III

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1. wives and children (and possessions) will be under the protection of the church 2. All debts will free from interest 3. All sins are forgiven

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What benefits did Bernard of Clairvaux offer to knights to encourage them to join the Second Crusade?

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a leader of the second crusade

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King Louis VII of France

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a leader of the second crusade

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Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III

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King Louis VII and Conrad III went to the east and ended up laying siege to Damascus. It failed, and all returned home.

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Second Crusade (1147-1149)

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Muslim leader. conquered Iraq, Syria, and Egypt - surrounding the Crusader states. Declared a holy war in 1185 to retake Jerusalem from the Christians. Captured the king (Guy of Lusignan), and then most of the Crusader strongholds fell.

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Saladin

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king of Jerusalem when Saladin took it back for the Turks.

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Guy of Lusignan

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Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Empire), Philip Augustus (France), Richard the Lion-Hearted (England)

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Who led the Third Crusade (1189-1192)?

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an extra tax on the subjects of Richard and Philip Augustus meant to finance the crusade

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Saladin tithe

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Frederick Barbarossa drowned on the way there and his men returned home. Philip Augustus and Richard quarreled bitterly, and Philip Augustus returned home with his men. Richard stayed to fight alone.

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What happened on the way to the Third Crusade?

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much celebrated and admired leader of the Third Crusade.

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Richard the Lion-Hearted

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Richard recaptured Acre (important port in Palestine), but he failed to take back Jerusalem. 1192: he and Saladin agreed to a treaty granting Christians free access to the city. The Crusade highlighted the rivalries among the most powerful Christian rulers in Europe.

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Outcome of the Third Crusade

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French knights assembled in Venice, but they had no money to pay for passage to the Holy Land. The ruler of Venice agreed to take them over for free if they captured Zara. They took the city, but the pope was upset because it was a Catholic city. Eventually, the Crusaders took Constantinople - they looted a huge booty.

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Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)

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1. Latin Kingdom of Constantinople only last until 1261 when it was regained by the Byzantines (who had lost much wealth and power). 2. embittered relations between Latin and Greek churches - pope installed faithful followers to the churches in Constantinople and persecuted orthodox church

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What was the result of the attack of Constantinople in 1204?

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Stephen of Cloyes (French farm boy) envisioned a crusade of children to rescue the Holy Land. Thousands of French and German children followed his preaching all the way to Italy. Tragedy struck - the children were taken by unscrupulous traders and sold into slavery in North Africa

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Children's Crusade

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preached on the Children's Crusade

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Stephen of Cloyes

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attempt to retake holy land via Egypt. Failure.

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Fifth Crusade (1217-1221)

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Emperor Frederick II won privileges for Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Nazareth through diplomacy -> controlled these cities until 1244.

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Sixth Crusade (1228)

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Louis IX of France gained control of Damietta at mouth of Nile, but disease and famine caused him to surrender

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Seventh Crusade (1248-1254)

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Muslims regain control of Acre (last Christian stronghold). Official end of Crusades.

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1291

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1. introduced Europeans to the world beyond what they knew 2. greatly increased trade between Europe and the East - rise of luxury goods 3. increased pace of economic change, including new money, banking, and credit systems 4. growth of shipping 5. exploration of Africa, Asia, and New World

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What were the results of the Crusades?

question

religious intolerance!

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Downsides of Crusades

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