Medical Terminology – Chapter 5 – Flashcards
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Absorption
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Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.
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Achlorhydria
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Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice.
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Amino acids
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The chief constituents of proteins, these are acids that contribute to protein synthesis. Amino acids are formed when large proteins molecules are digested.
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Amylase
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The enzyme that digests or breaks down starch into simple substance.
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Anastomosis
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An opening between two tubular organs.
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Anus
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The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body.
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Appendectomy
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Removal or excision of the appendix.
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Appendicitis
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Inflammation of the appendix.
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Appendix
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Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen.
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Bile
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Yellow or organ fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It travels from the gallbladder into the small intestines to help digest fats.
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Biliary
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Pertaining to bile or affecting the bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum).
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Bilirubin
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A yellow-orange pigment found in bile.
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Bowel
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Intestine. The large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine.
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Buccal mucosa
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Mucous membrane lining the cheek.
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Canine teeth
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Four point, dog-like (canine means dog) teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw.
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Cecal
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Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon).
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Cecum
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First part of the large intestine (colon).
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Celiac
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Pertaining to the abdomen.
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Cheilitis
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Inflammation of the hip.
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Cholecystectomy
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Excision or removal of the gallbladder.
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Choledocholithiasis
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Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct.
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Choledochojejunostomy
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Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum.
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Choledochotomy
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Incision of the common bile duct.
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Cholelithiasis
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Abnormal condition of forming gallstones.
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Colon
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Large intestine (bowel).
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Colonic
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Pertaining to the colon.
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Colonoscopy
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Visual endoscopic examination of the colon.
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Colostomy
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New opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body.
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Common bile duct
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Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine.
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Defecation
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Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the rectum.
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Deglutition
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Swallowing.
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Dentibuccal
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Pertaining to the cheek and teeth.
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Dentin
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The chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown.
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Digestion
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The process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
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Duodenal
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Pertaining to the duodenum.
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Duodenum
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The first part of the small intestine.
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Dysentery
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Painful inflammation of the intestines, usually the colon.
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Elimination
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Discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes.
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Emulsification
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Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles.
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Enamel
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White, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin) of the crown of the tooth.
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Endodontist
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A dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth.
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Enterocolitis
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Inflammation of the small intestine and colon.
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Enterocolostomy
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New surgical connection between parts of the small intestine and colon; anastomosis.
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Enzyme
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Protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction. The suffix -ase means enzyme.
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Esophageal
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Pertaining to the esophagus.
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Esophagus
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Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach.
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Fatty acids
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Substances that are produced when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat.
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Facial
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Pertaining to the face.
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Feces
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Solid wastes; stools.
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Gallbladder
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Small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored.
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Gastrointestinal tract
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The tubular system relating to the stomach and intestine beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus.
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Gastrojejunostomy
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New surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; an anastomosis. The procedure is part of a gastric bypass surgery.
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Gastrostomy
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New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body.
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Gingivitis
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Inflammation of gums.
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Gluconeogenesis
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Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver.
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Glucose
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Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells.
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Glycogen
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Storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells.
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Glycogenolysis
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Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar.
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Hepatoma
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Tumor (malignant) of liver cells; hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Hepatomegaly
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Enlargement of the liver.
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Hydrochloric acid
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Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion.
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Hyperbilirubinemia
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High levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice.
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Hyperglycemia
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High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; diabetes mellitus.
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Hypoglossal
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Pertaining to under the tongue.
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Ileitis
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Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine).
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Ileocecal sphincter
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Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine).
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Ileostomy
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Surgical construction of an artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall.
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Ileum
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Third (and final) portion of the small intestine.
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Incisor
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One of the four front teeth on either jaw.
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Insulin
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Hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells.
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Jejunum
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Second part of the small intestine.
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Labial
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Pertaining to the lip.
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Laparoscopy
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Laparoscopy visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small abdominal incisions.
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Lipase
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Enzyme (-ase) that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum.
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Lithogenesis
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Formation of stone (calculi).
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Liver
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Large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. It secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins and sugars.
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Lower esophageal sphincter
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Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.
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Mastication
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Process of chewing.
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Mesentery
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Membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal (back) body wall.
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Molar teeth
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Sixth, seventh and eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. The most posterior molar is known as the wisdom tooth.
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Oral
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Pertaining to the mouth.
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Orthodontist
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Dentist specializing in straightening teeth.
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Palate
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Roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat.
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Palatopharyngoplasty
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A procedure used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions in the throat or nose.
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Palatoplasty
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Surgical repair of the palate.
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Pancreas
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Gland under and behind and the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells.
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Pancreatitis
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Inflammation of the pancreas.
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Papillae
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Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds.
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Parenteral
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Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection.
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Parotid gland
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Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
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Perianal
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Pertaining to surrounding the anus.
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Periodontist
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Dentist specializing in treating the gums.
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Peritonitis
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Inflammation of the peritoneum.
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Peristalsis
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Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures.
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Pharyngeal
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Pertaining to the pharynx or throat.
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Pharynx
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Throat; the common passageway for food from the mouth.
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Portal vein
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Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
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Postprandial
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After meals.
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Premolar teeth
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Either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars.
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Proctologist
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Specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum.
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Protease
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Enzyme that digests protein.
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Pulp
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Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels.
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Pyloric sphincter
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Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum.
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Pyloroplasty
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Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter.
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Pylorus
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Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum.
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Rectocele
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Hernia of the wall of the rectum.
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Rectum
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Final section of the colon.
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Rugae
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Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth.
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Saliva
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Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by salivary glands.
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Salivary glands
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Three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands.
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Sialadenitis
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Inflammation of a salivary gland.
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Sialolith
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Salivary gland stone; lodged in a saliva gland or duct.
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Sigmoid colon
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Distal, lower end of the colon.
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Sigmoidoscopy
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Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon.
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Sphincter
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Circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice.
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Steatorrhea
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Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat.
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Stomatitis
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Inflammation of the mouth.
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Sublingual
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Pertaining to under the tongue.
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Submandibular
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Pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible).
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Triglycerides
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Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.
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Uvula
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Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth.
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Uvulectomy
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Removal (excision) of the uvula.
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Villi
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Fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids.
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Achalasia
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Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) to relax; dilation of the esophagus and loss of peristalsis occurs.
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Anal fistula
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Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.
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Anorexia
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Lack of appetite.
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Aphthous stomatitis
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Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores.
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Ascites
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Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
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Borborygmus
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Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Cholelithiasis
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Abnormal condition of gallstones.
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Cirrhosis
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Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver.
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Colonic polyposis
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Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon.
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Colorectal cancer
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Adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both.
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Constipation
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Difficulty in passing (eliminating) feces (stool).
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Crohn disease
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Inflammatory bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness and weight loss.
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Dental caries
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Tooth decay.
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Diarrhea
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Frequent passage of loose, watery stools.
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Diverticula
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Small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon.
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Diverticulitis
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Inflammation of diverticula; abdominal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms.
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Diverticulosis
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Abnormal condition of diverticula without inflammation.
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Dysphagia
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Difficulty in swallowing.
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Eructation
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Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth.
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Esophageal varices
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Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus.
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Etiology
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Study of the cause of disease.
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Flatus
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Gas expelled through the anus.
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Gastric carcinoma
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Malignant tumor of the stomach; stomach cancer.
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Gastroesophageal reflux
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Backflow of solids and liquid against its normal direction of disease movement.
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Hematochezia
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Passage of bright red blood from the rectum.
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Hemorrhoids
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Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region.
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Herpetic stomatitis
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Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus. Painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infection and known as cold sores or fever blisters.
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Hiatal hernia
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Protrusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm.
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Icterus
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Jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
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Idiopathic
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Pertaining to unknown cause of disease.
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Ileus
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Failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines.
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Inflammatory bowel disease
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Severe inflammation of the small and large intestine (colon); examples are Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Inguinal hernia
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A small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle.
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Intussusception
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One portion of the intestine slips into an adjoining part; telescoping of the intestines.
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Irritable bowel syndrome
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Group of gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating) associated with stress and tension.
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Jaundice
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A symptom of illness marked by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood.
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Melena
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Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood.
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Nausea
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Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit.
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Odynophagia
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Painful swallowing.
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Oral leukoplakia
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White plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth.
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Pancreatitis
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Inflammation of the pancreas.
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Periodontal disease
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Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.
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Peptic ulcer
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Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum.
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Ulcerative colitis
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Inflammation of the colon and rectum with the presence of ulcers; an inflammatory bowel disease.
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Viral hepatitis
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Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus.
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Volvulus
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Twisting of the intestine upon itself.
