Medical terminology chapter 2-2 – Flashcards
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Cells
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the basic structural and functional units of the body. Cells are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs
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Cytology
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the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell (cyt means cell, and -ology means study of)
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cytologist
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specialist in the study and analysis of cells (cyt means cell, -ologist means specialist)
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cell membrane
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the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment
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cytoplasm
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the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus (cyt/o means cell, -plasm means formative material of cells)
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nucleus
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is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell. It controls the activities of the cell and helps the cell divide
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stem cells
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unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.
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adult stem cells
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somatic stem cells. undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. Role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
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undifferentiated
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not having a specialized function or structure
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differentiated
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having specialized function or structure
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hemopoietic
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blood forming
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graft-versus-host disease
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rejection between the donor and recipient
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embryonic stem cells
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undifferentiated cells that are unlike nay specific adult cell; however, they have the ability to form any adult cell
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gene
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fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes control hereditary disorders and all physical traits such as hair, skin, and eye color
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genetics
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the study of how genes are transferred from parent to their children and the role of genes in health and disease (gene means producing, -tics means pertaining to). Geneticist is a specialist
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dominant gene
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when inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic. ex: Huntington's disease
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recessive gene
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when same is inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition. ex: sickle cell anemia
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recessive gene
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when inherited from only one parent, and a normal gene is inherited from the other parent, the off spring will not have that condition. ex: even if they do not develop sickle cell anemia, he/she will have the sickle cell anemia trait, able to transmit that gene to their offspring
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genome
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complete set of genetic information of an organism
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chromosomes
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genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell. Made up of the DNA molecules containing the body's genes. Each chromosome contains about 100,000 genes
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somatic cell
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any cell in the body except the gamete (sex cells) somatic means pertaining to the body in general. contain 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs. there are 22 identical pairs of chromosomes, plus another pair. in a female: XX. In male: XY. determines the sex of the individual
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sex cell
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sperm or egg. also known as a gamete. Only cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes. Each ovum (egg) or sperm has 23 single chromosomes. when a sperm and ovum join, newly formed offspring receives 23 chromosomes from each parent
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what determines the gender of the child
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X or Y chromosome
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Helix
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shape twisted like a spiral staircase
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double helix
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two strands twisted together
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DNA
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abbreviated for deoxyribonucleic acid. found in the nucleus of all types of cells except erythrocytes (red blood cells). RBC do not have a nucleus. No two DNA patters are exactly the same except for identical twins.
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genetic mutation
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change of the sequence of a DNA molecule. Potential causes of genetic mutation include exposure to radiation or environmental pollution
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somatic cell mutation
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change within the cells of the body. affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation
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gametic cell mutation
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change within the genes in a gamete (sex cell) that can e transmitted by a parent to his or her children
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genetic engineering
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manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes. The production of human insulin from modified bacteria is an example of one result of genetic engineering
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genetic disorder
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hereditary disorder. pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene. some are obvious at birth, others may become evident at any time in life
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cystic fibrosis (CF)
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genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects the respiratory and digestive systems
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down syndrome (DS)
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genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
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Hemophilia
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group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. This blood coagulation disorder is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury.
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Huntington's disease (HD)
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genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. Each child of a parent with the gene for Huntington's disease has a 50-50 chance of inheriting this defective gene. this condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most appear in midlife. eventually results in uncontrolled movements and the loss of some mental abilities
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muscular dystrophy
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group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement
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Phenylketonuria
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genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. commonly known as PKU. can be detected by a blood test performed on infants at birth. With careful dietary supervision, children born with PKU can lead normal lives. Without early detection and treatment, PKU causes severe mental retardation
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Tay-Sachs disease
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fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance buildup in tissues and nerve cells in the brain. Both parents must carry the mutated gene to have an affected child. The most common form of the disease affects babies who appear healthy at birth and seem to develop normally for the first few months. Development then slows, and a relentless deterioration of mental and physical abilities results in progressive blindness, paralysis, and early death.
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tissue
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group or layer of similarity specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions.
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histology
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study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues (hist means tissue, -ology means study of)
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histologist
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specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels (hist means tissue, -ologist means specialist)
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Epithelial tissues
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from a protective covering for all the internal and external surfaces of the body. also form glands
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Epithelium
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specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layette of mucous membranes
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endothelium
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specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
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connective tissues
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support and connect organs and other body tissues
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dense connective tissues
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bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body
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adipose tissue
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also known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support (adip means fat, and -ose means pertaining to)
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loose connective tissue
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surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
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liquid connective tissues
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which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
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muscle tissue
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contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
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nerve tissue
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contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
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aplasia
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defective development, or congenital absence, of an organ or tissue (a- means without, -plasia means formation)
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hypoplasia
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the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells (hypo-means deficient, -plasia means formation)
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anaplasia
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change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other (ana-means backward, and -plasia means formation). characteristic of tumor formation in cancers
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dysplasia
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the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs. (dys- means bad, -plasia means formation)
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hyperplasia
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the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues (hyper- means excessive, and -plasia means formation)
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hypertrophy
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general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues (hyper- means excessive -trophy means development) not due to tumor formation
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gland
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group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
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secretion
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substance produced by a gland
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exocrine glands
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secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat gland (exo- means out of, -crine means to secrete)
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endocrine glands
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produces hormones, do not have ducts (endo- means within, -crine means to secrete) these hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, and are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body
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adenitis
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the inflammation of a gland (aden means gland, -itis means inflammation)
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adenocarcinoma
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malignant tumor that orginates in glandular tissue (aden/o means gland, carcin means cancerous, -oma means tumor)
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malignant
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harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life threatening
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adenoma
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benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue (aden means gland, -oma means tumor.)
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Benign
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not life threatening
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Adenomalacia
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abnormal softening of a gland (aden/o means gland, -malacia means abnormal softening)
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adenosis
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any disease or condition of a gland (aden means gland, -osis means an abnormal condition or disease)
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adenosclerosis
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abnormal hardening of a gland (aden/o means gland, -sclerosis means abnormal hardening)
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adenectomy
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surgical removal of a gland (aden means gland, -ectomy means surgical removal)
