Medical Terminology – Ch 2 – The Human Body in Health & Disease – Flashcards

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aden/o
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Gland (word root w/ combining form)
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adip/o
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Fat (word root w/ combining form)
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anter/o
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Before, Front (word root w/ combining form)
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caud/o
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Lower part of the body, Tail (word root w/ combining form)
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cephal/o
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Head (word root w/ combining form)
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cyt/o
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Cell (word root w/ combining form)
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- cyte
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Cell (suffix)
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end -
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In, Within, Inside (prefix)
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endo -
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In, Within, Inside (prefix)
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exo -
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Out of, Outside, Away from (prefix)
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- ist
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Specialist, One who studies, Practitioner (suffix)
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hist/o
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Tissue (word root w/ combining form)
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histi/o
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Tissue (word root w/ combining form)
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- ologist
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Specialist, One who studies, Practitioner of (suffix)
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- ology
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The science of, The study of (suffix)
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path/o
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Disease, Suffering, Feeling, Emotion (word root w/ combining form)
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- pathy
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Disease, Suffering, Feeling, Emotion (suffix)
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plas/i
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Development, Growth, Formation (prefix)
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plas/o
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Development, Growth, Formation (word root w/ combining form)
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- plasia
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Devlopment, Growth, Formation (suffix)
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poster/o
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Behind, Toward the back (word root w/ combining form)
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- stasis
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Control, Equilibrium, Maintenance of a constant level (suffix)
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- static
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Control, Equilibrium, Maintenance of a constant level (suffix)
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anatomic reference systems
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Systems used to describe locations of the structural units of the body. Anatomical reference systems include: (a) Body Planes (b) Body Directions (c) Body Cavities (d) Structural Units
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anatomy
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The study of the structures of the body.
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physiology
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The study of the functions of the structures of the body.
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vertical plane
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An up-and-down plane that that runs perpendicular (at a right angle) to the horizon. The particular types of verticle planes include: (a) Sagittal Plane (b) Midsagittal Plane (aka Midline) (c) Frontal Plane (aka Coronal Plane)
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horizontal plane
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A flat, cross-wise or side-ways plane that runs parallel to the horizon. A particular type of horizontal plane is: (a) Transverse Plane
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anatomic position
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Presented in such a way that the body is placed in the standard position. This positioning includes: (a) Standing up straight so that the body is fully erect (b) Standing with the body facing forward (c) Holding the arms at sides, fully extended (d) Turning the hands so that the palms face frontward.
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sagittal plane
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A specific type of vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions.
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midsagittal plane
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A specific type of vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves. (aka: midline).
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midline
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A specific type of vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves. (aka: midsagittal plane).
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frontal plane
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A specific type of vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; located at right angles to the sagittal plane. (aka: coronal plane).
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coronal plane
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A specific type of vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; located at right angles to the sagittal plane. (aka: frontal plane).
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ventral
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A body direction term that refers to the front, or the belly side. (opposite: dorsal).
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dorsal
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A body direction term that refers to the back. (opposite: ventral).
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anterior
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A body direction term that refers toward the front or situated in/on the forward part. (opposite: posterior).
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posterior
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A body direction term that refers to toward the back or situated in/on the back part. (opposite: anterior).
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superior
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A body direction term that refers to toward the head, placement above, or the uppermost. (opposite: inferior).
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inferior
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A body direction term that refers to toward the foot, placement below, or the lowermost. (opposite: superior).
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cephalic
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A body direction term that refers to toward the head. (opposite: caudal).
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caudal
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A body direction term that refers to toward the lower part of the body or the tail. (opposite: cephalic).
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proximal
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A body direction term that refers to situated nearest to the midline or at the beginning of. (opposite: distal).
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distal
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A body direction term that refers to situated farthest from the midline or from the beginning of. (opposite: proximal).
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medial
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A body direction term that refers to toward or nearer to the midline or beginning. (opposite: lateral).
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llateral
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A body direction term that refers to toward or nearer to the side or away from the midline. (opposite: lateral).
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homeostasis
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The process by which the body maintains a constant, stable, internal environment. Establishment of an equilibrium.
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cell
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The basic structural and functional units of the body that, if specialized and grouped together, form tissues and organs.
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stem cells
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Unspecialized (undifferentiated) cells that have a prolonged lifespan & are also able to renew themselves by cell division. By such self-regeneration, they can be replaced, rather than die off . Specific types include: (a) adult stem cells (aka: somatic stem cells) (b) embryonic stem cells (aka: fetal stem cells).
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differentiated
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Specialized; Having a specialized function or structure.
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undifferentiated
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Unspecialized; Not having a specialized function or structure.
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adult stem cells
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Undifferentiated cells, found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ, that have the primary role of maintaining and repairing the tissue in which they are found. (aka somatic stem cells).
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somatic stem cells
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Undifferentiated cells, found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ, that have the primary role of maintaining and repairing the tissue in which they are found. (aka adult stem cells).
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embryonic stem cells
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Undifferentiated cells, that are more primitive than adult stem cells, are unlike any specific adult cell, and which have the potential ability to form any adult cell (aka: fetal stem cells).
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fetal stem cells
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Undifferentiated cells, that are more primitive than adult stem cells, are unlike any specific adult cell, and which have the potential ability to form any adult cell (aka: embryonic stem cells).
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gene
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A fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity.
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genetics
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The study of how genes are transferred from parent to child and the role genes play in health and disease.
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geneticist
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A specialist in the field of genetics.
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genome
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The complete set of generic information of an organism. The full genetic code or genetic map of an organism.
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chromosomes
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The genetic structures that are located within the nucleus of erach cell and which are composed of the DNA molecules containing the body's genes.
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genetic mutation
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A change of the sequence of a DNA molecule.
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genetic disorder
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A pathological condition caused by an abdent or defective gene. (aka: hereditary disorder).
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tissue
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A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain functions. The four main types of tissue include: epithelial tissues connective tissues mucle tissue nerve tissue
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histology
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The study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.
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histologist
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A specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels.
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gland
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A group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions. Two basic types of glands are: endocrine (ductless - usually hormone-producing) and exocrine (ducts).
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endocrine gland
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A gland that does not have ducts and which produces hormones. These hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream and are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body.
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exocrine gland
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A gland that secretes chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body.
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secretion
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The substance that is produces by a gland.
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body organ
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A somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function.
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body system
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Related tissues and organs, organized into a larger unit, having a specialized function.
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pathology
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(1) The study of disease, including the nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function. ***** or ****** (2) A condition, abnormality, or dysfunction produced by a disease.
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pathologist
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One who specializes in laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis.
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etiology
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The study of the causes of diseases.
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pathogen
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A disease-producing microorganism. (aka: pathenogen)
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pathenogen
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A disease-producing microorganism. (aka: pathogen)
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communicable disease
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Any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects. (aka: contagious disease).
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contagious disease
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Any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects. (aka: communicable disease).
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epidemiology
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The study of of outbreaks of disease within a population group.
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epidemiologist
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A specialist who studies outbreaks of disease within a population group.
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endemic
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The ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.
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epidemic
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The sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population, group, or area.
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pandemic
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An outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.
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functional disorder
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A disorder that produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified.
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iatrogenic illness
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An unfavorable response to a prescribed medical treatment.
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idiopathic disorder
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An illness without a known cause.
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infectuous disease
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An illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
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nosocomial infection
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A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.
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organic disorder
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A disorder tht produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body.
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congenital disorder
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An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth. (These conditions can be caused b a developmental disorder before birth, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries sustained during the birth process.
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developmental disorder
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A disorder that results in an anomaly or malformation. (aka: birth defect).
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birth defect
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A disorder that results in an anomaly or malformation. (aka: developmental disorder).
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anomaly
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An deviation from what is regarded as normal. (aka: abnormality).
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atresia
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The congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular.
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aplasia
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The defective development of, or the congenital absence of, an organ or tissue.
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hypoplasia
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The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.
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anaplasia
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A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. (This abnormal cell development is characteritic of tumor formation in cancers).
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dysplasia
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The abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.
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hyperplasia
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The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in tissue.
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hypertrophy
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A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues.
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adenitis
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The inflammation of a gland.
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adenocarcinoma
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A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue.
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adenoma
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A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue.
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adenomalacia
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The abnormal softening of a gland. (opposite: adenosclerosis).
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adenosis
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Any disease or condition of a gland.
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adenosclerosis
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The abnormal hardening of a gland. (opposite: adenomalacia).
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adenectomy
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The surgical removal of a gland.
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malignant
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Harmful, capable of growing quickly and spreading to other areas, and potentialy life threatening.
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benign
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Not lifethreatening. May grow slowly, but not likely to spread to other areas.
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indirect contact transmission
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A situation whereby a susceptible person is infected ny contact with a contaminated surface.
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bloodborne transmission
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The spread of a disease through direct contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood.
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airborne transmission
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The spread of disease through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze.
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foodborne and waterborne transmission
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The spread of disease that is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present. (aka: fecal-oral transmission).
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fecal-oral transmission
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The spread of disease that is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present. (aka: foodborne and waterborne transmission).
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vector borne transmission
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The spread of disease due to the bite of a vector. Vectors insects or animals that are capable of transmitting a disease to humans and these include: flies mites fleas ticks rats dogs mosquitoes
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transmission
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The spread of disease.
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contamination
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A pathogen is present and exposure to it creates a situation in which the pathogen is transferred (either directly or indirectly) from the host/carrier to the recipient, creating the risk of possibly spreading the disease.
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epithelial tissues
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epithelium
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endothelium
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connective tissues
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dense connective tissues
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adipose tissue
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loose connective tissue
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liquid connective tissue
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muscle tissue
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vouluntary muscle tissue
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involuntary muscle tissue
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striated muscle tissue
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smooth muscle tissue
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nerve tissue
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