question

Contain the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and some of the disease-fighting immune cells:

answer

Both the lymphatic and the immune system

question

Functions of the lymphatic system:

answer

1. reduces tissue edema by removing fluid from capillary beds. 2. returns the proteins from the fluids to the blood. 3. traps and filters cellular debris, such as cancer cells and microbes, with the help of cells called macrophages. 4. recycles body fluid to various parts of the body. 5. circulates lymphocytes to assist with the immune response. 6. moves fats from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to the blood.

question

Functions of the immune system:

answer

1. protects the body against foreign body invasion. 2. normal function, it coordinates activities in the blood, body tissues, and the lymphatic system to protect the body from foreign body invasion. 3. fights off infections and protects against future infections by producing a variety of immune responses. 4. produces antibodies (immunoglobulins).

question

List the major locations of lymph nodes:

answer

- Cervical Lymph node - Thoracic lymph node - Axillary lymph node - Supratrochlear lymph node - Abdominal lymph node - Pelvic lymph node - Inguinal lymph node

question

How is the lymphatic system similar to both the cardiovascular and blood systems?

answer

It involves a network of vessels that transports fluid around the body

question

Has the ability to leave the blood capillaries and enter the cellular areas of the body:

answer

Plasma

question

Once plasma leaves the vascular system it is known as....

answer

Interstitial fluid

question

Serves as a drainage system to remove fluid from the cellular areas, and concentrates foreign substances to assist the immune system:

answer

Lymphatic system

question

Lymph

answer

Fluid that contains white blood cells and other substances and flows in the lymphatic vessels.

question

Lymphatic pathways

answer

The vessels that transport lymph (the fluid of the lymphatic system) around the body. The smallest parts of these pathways are the microscopic capillaries located in the capillary beds of the body. The capillary beds are thin-walled vessels that receive fluid and debris from the bloodstream. Once inside the beds, the fluid is known as lymph

question

Lymphatic Vessels

answer

The lymph travels throughout the lymphatic vessels in one direction only—back toward the heart. Lymphatic vessels contain valves that prevent backflow of lymph. As the vessels approach the heart, they carry more fluid and are larger in size.

question

Lymph node

answer

Specialized organ that filters harmful substances from the tissues and assists in the immune response. The lymph passes through many lymph nodes for filtering so that it is ready for transferring back to the vascular system. Lymph nodes are located throughout the body except in the central nervous system. They are quite numerous near the joints of the body. The major groups of lymph nodes are located in the throat (the tonsils and adenoids are actually lymph tissue), neck, axilla (armpit), mediastinum, and groin.

question

Spleen

answer

Organ of lymph system that filters and stores blood, removes old red blood cells, and activates lymphocytes. It is the largest lymphatic organ

question

Thymus gland

answer

Soft gland with two lobes that is involved in immune responses; located in mediastinum. It is large during infancy and early childhood when immunity is most crucial, but gradually shrinks until it becomes connective tissue in adulthood (when the body has acquired other types of immunities).

question

T Cells (T Lymphocytes)

answer

Specialized white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus, are responsible for cellular immunity, and assist with humoral immunity.

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B Lymphocytes, B Cells

answer

A kind of lymphocyte that manufactures antibodies.

question

Thymosin

answer

Hormone secreted by the thymus gland that aids in distribution of thymocytes (T lymphocyte) and lymphocytes.

question

aden(o)

answer

gland

question

immun(o)

answer

immunity

question

lymph(o)

answer

lymph

question

Lymphaden(o)

answer

lymph nodes

question

lymphangi(o)

answer

lymphatic vessels

question

splen(o)

answer

spleen

question

thym(o)

answer

thymus

question

tox(o), toxi, toxico

answer

poison

question

The lymphatic pathways are the vessels that transport _______ (the fluid of the lymphatic system) around the body.

answer

lymph

question

Located along the _______ lymphatic vessels are the , small lumps of lymphatic tissue that serve as collecting points to filter the lymph.

answer

lymph nodes

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The largest lymphatic organ, the _______, is located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity, where unfortunately it can easily be injured and ruptured.

answer

spleen

question

a two-lobed, soft gland located in the thoracic cavity.

answer

thymus gland

question

The thymus gland contains a high number of _______

answer

T lymphocytes or T cells

question

The thymus gland contains a decreased number of _______

answer

B lymphocytes or B cells

question

Where some lymphocytes acquire the marker that makes them T Lymphocytes:

answer

Thymus gland

question

T cells provide immunity after they leave the thymus. Their movement is aided by _______, a hormone secreted by the thymus.

answer

Thymosin

question

T Cells

answer

Aids in cellular and humoral immunity

question

Lymph Cells

answer

Filters toxins

question

B Lymphocytes

answer

Manufactures antibodies

question

Thymosin

answer

Aids in distribution of thymocytes and lymphocytes

question

Other systems that play a significant role in the functions of the immune system:

answer

- reticuloendothelial system (RES) - hematopoietic system - mononuclear phagocytic system (or phagocytic system) - lymphoid system

question

Responsible for the production of the blood cells in the bone marrow:

answer

hematopoietic system

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Blood cells:

answer

- Erythrocytes (RBC) - Leukocytes (WBC) - Thrombocytes (platelets)

question

Parts that the immune system and lymphatic system share:

answer

- lymph nodes - spleen - thymus gland

question

The immune system consists of ______

answer

all the processes that perform a series of defenses to protect from and respond to disease

question

The leukocytes include:

answer

- lymphocytes - monocytes - granulocytes

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The RES and phagocytic systems provide the phagocytes of the tissues and the phagocytes of the blood that are called _____ and _______.

answer

Macrophages and microphages

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Phagocytes remove foreign particles from the body by the process of _________, the internalization or "eating" of the particles and the digestion of the particles for presentation to the appropriate cells of the immune system.

answer

Phagocytosis

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The B cells are responsible for the production of ______ (also called immunoglobulins), i.e., the humoral response.

answer

antibodies

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Disease causing agents:

answer

Pathogens

question

Stop pathogens that try to enter the body:

answer

- Skin - cilia in the nostrils - various mucous membranes

question

In the bloodstream, certain substances called _______ may provoke an immune response to certain diseases.

answer

antigens

question

The special cells that ingest foreign substances:

answer

Phagocytes

question

A pathogen is _____

answer

a disease causing agent

question

The tonsils and skin serve to _____ from disease

answer

Protect

question

The T cells signal the B cells to ______

answer

produce antibodies

question

the body has specific defenses of the immune system called _______ that provide resistance to particular pathogens.

answer

immunity

question

Lis the 3 Major types of immunity:

answer

1. Natural immunity 2. Acquired active immunity 3. acquired passive immunity

question

the human body's natural resistance to certain diseases:

answer

natural immunity

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The body develops _______ either by having a disease and producing natural antibodies to it or by being vaccinated against the disease.

answer

acquired active immunity

question

the injection of an antigen, a substance that provokes an immune response from an organism that causes active immunity via the production of antibodies. This substance is called a vaccine

answer

immunization or vaccination

question

a substance that provokes an immune response from an organism that causes active immunity via the production of antibodies:

answer

antigen

question

injection of an antigen:

answer

vaccine

question

List the 2 types of immunity:

answer

1. Humoral immunity 2. Cell-mediated immunity

question

active immunity provided by plasma, that produces antibodies called immunoglobulins:

answer

humoral immunity

question

Immunoglobin effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins:

answer

Immunoglobin G (IgG)

question

Immunoglobin common is exocrine gland secretions, such as breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juice:

answer

Immunoglobin A (IgA)

question

immunoglobin that transfers immunity from mother to infant through breast milk:

answer

Immunoglobin A

question

Immunoglobin that develops in the blood plasma in response to certain antigens within the body or from foreign sources:

answer

Immunoglobin M (IgM)

question

This is the first antibody to be produced after infection:

answer

Immunoglobin M

question

Immunoglobin important in B cell activation, which helps immunity by transforming itself into a plasma cell in the presence of a specific type of antigen:

answer

Immunoglobin D (IgD)

question

Immunoglobin that appears in glandular secretions and is associated with allergic reactions:

answer

Immunoglobin E (IgE)

question

acquired active immunity that is provided by the action of T cells:

answer

Cell-mediated immunity

question

How do the T cells respond to antigens?

answer

By multiplying rapidly and producing proteins called lymphokines, that have antiviral properties that affect the actions of other cells in the body.

question

List 2 lymphokines:

answer

1. interferons 2. interleukins

question

Produce substances to stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma cells and to produce antibodies:

answer

T cells

question

List the 3 types of other specialized T Cells:

answer

1. helper cells 2. cytotoxic cells 3. suppressor cells

question

CD4 cells that stimulate the immune response:

answer

helper cells

question

CD8 cells that help in the destruction of infected cells:

answer

cytotoxic cells

question

T cells (mainly CD8 and some CD4) that suppress B cells and other immune cells:

answer

suppressor cells

question

immunity provided in the form of antibodies or antitoxins that have been developed in another person or another species:

answer

acquired passive immunity

question

When is acquired passive immunity necessary?

answer

in cases of snakebites and tetanus or any problem where immediate immunity is needed

question

When immediate immunity is needed, a dose of _______ (antibody directed against specific toxins) is given to provide antibodies:

answer

antitoxin

question

may also be administered to lessen the chance of catching a disease or to lessen the severity of the course of the disease:

answer

passive immunity

question

a preparation of collected antibodies given to prevent or lessen certain diseases, such as hepatitis A, varicella, and rabies:

answer

gamma globulin

question

____ is removal of the spleen

answer

spleenectomy

question

An agent that suppresses the immune response is an _______

answer

immunosuppressor

question

Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels is _____

answer

lymphangitis

question

Glandular cancer is ______

answer

adenocarcinoma

question

A ____ is a white blood cell associated with the immune response

answer

lymphocyte

question

Systemic poisoning is ____

answer

toxicosis

question

_____ is a disease affecting the lymph nodes

answer

lymphadenopathy

question

Removal of the thymus is a ______

answer

thymectomy

question

T cell:

answer

Lymphocyte associated with cellular immunity

question

Pathogen:

answer

Disease-causing agent

question

immunoglobulin E:

answer

Antibody associated with allergic reaction

question

IgD:

answer

Antibody important in B-cell activation

question

helper cell:

answer

T cell that stimulates antibody production

question

cytotoxic cell:

answer

T cell that helps destroy foreign cells or substances

question

Suppressor cell:

answer

T cell that regulates the amounts of antibody

question

Antitoxin:

answer

Helps produce resistance to a disease or a poison

question

Antibody:

answer

Protein produced by B cells that fight foreign cells

question

Gamma globulin:

answer

Agent given to prevent or lessen disease

question

Why would researchers want to produce a vaccine?

answer

to prevent disease

question

What form of immunity might a vaccination provide?

answer

Acquired

question

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is diagnosed mainly with two blood serum tests, ______ and ________.

answer

- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or enzyme immunoassay (EIA) - Western blot

question

The ELISA test for __________

answer

The antibody to the HIV virus

question

A Western Blot determines if _______ is present.

answer

HIV antibodies are present

question

An analysis of _______ blood cells can help diagnose lymph and immune system diseases

answer

white

question

A(n) _______ is an immune overresponse to a stimulus.

answer

allergy

question

The most widespread virus that attacks the immune system is the __________, a virus spread by sexual contact, exchange of bodily fluids, or intravenous exposure.

answer

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

question

The most widespread immunosuppressive disease, that suppresses the ability of the immune system to defend against infection:

answer

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

question

The HIV virus is a type of _____

answer

retrovirus

question

a ribonucleic acid (RNA) that causes reversal of normal cell copying:

answer

retrovirus

question

AIDS patients are subject to a number of ________, infections that a healthy immune system can easily fight off but take hold because of the lowered immune response.

answer

opportunistic infections

question

Allergies involve a(n) _____ response

answer

hypersensitive

question

Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the ______ attacks some of the body's cells

answer

T Cells

question

AIDS is a disease of the _____ system

answer

immune

question

Mrs. Jones was diagnosed with AIDS six months ago. She now presents with PCP and herpes. She states she does not understand how she got these infections as she has been working hard to stay healthy. Explain to Mrs. Jones why these infections occur.

answer

These are opportunistic diseases. They take hold because of lowered immune response.

question

_______, cancer of the lymph nodes, is a relatively common cancer with high cure rates.

answer

lymphoma

question

AIDS patients are susceptible to lymphomas because....

answer

of their lowered immune systems

question

List the 2 most common types of lymphomas:

answer

1. Hodgkin's lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease) 2. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

question

a type of lymph cancer of uncertain origin hat generally appears in early adulthood:

answer

Hodgkin's lymphoma/disease

question

A cancer of the lymph nodes with some cells resembling healthy cells and spreading in a diffuse pattern:

answer

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

question

tumor of the thymus gland:

answer

thymoma

question

malignancy of the lymph nodes and spleen:

answer

Hodgkin's lymphoma

question

enlarged spleen:

answer

splenomegaly

question

overactive spleen:

answer

hypersplenism

question

enlarged lymph nodes, splenomegaly, and hypersplenism characterize this disease:

answer

Hodgkin's lymphoma

question

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma os a disease with malignant cells that resemble ______ or large macrophages called ______

answer

- large lymphocytes (lymphocytic lymphoma) - histiocytes (histiocytic lymphoma)

question

Nonmalignant lesions on the lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, skin, and liver can indicate the presence of ________, an inflammatory condition that can affect lung function.

answer

sarcoidosis

question

swollen lymph nodes:

answer

lymphadenopathy

question

swollen lymph nodes can also indicate the presence of ______, an acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus

answer

infectious mononucleosis

question

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory condition of the ______ system.

answer

lymph

question

Splenomegaly is a symptom of _______ system disease.

answer

spleen

question

This disease is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus:

answer

mononucleosis

question

the spread of the disease:

answer

metastis

question

The client has been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Explain to the client and family the difference between Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

answer

- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: cancer of the lymph nodes with some cells resembling healthy cells and spreading in a diffuse pattern. - Hodgkin's lymphoma: lymph cancer of uncertain origin that generally appears in early childhood.

question

hypersensitivity increases as exposure increases, sometimes resulting in _______ (or anaphylactic reaction or shock), a reaction so severe that it can be life-threatening by decreasing blood pressure, affecting breathing, and causing loss of consciousness.

answer

anaphylaxis

question

The immune system can also turn against its own healthy tissue. __________, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma, result from the proliferation of T cells that react as though they were fighting a virus, but are actually destroying healthy cells.

answer

autoimmune diseases

question

often result from the body's need to fight an actual infection, during which the immune system becomes overactive:

answer

autoimmune responses

question

Allergies involve a ________ response.

answer

allergen

question

______ occurs when the immune system attacks healthy tissue.

answer

autoimmune diseases

question

If someone is highly allergic to bee stings, _______ can occur.

answer

anaphylaxis

question

You are explaining to the parents of a child with a peanut allergy the importance of watching his diet very closely and the need to recognize an allergic reaction. What symptoms will you tell the child's parents to look for?

answer

Itching, rash, difficulty breathing

question

removal of cancerous lymph nodes from the lymph system for microscopic examination:

answer

lymph node dissection

question

removal of a lymph node:

answer

lymphadenectomy

question

an incision into a lymph node:

answer

lymphadenotomy

question

removal of the spleen:

answer

splenectomy

question

removal of the thymus gland, which is very important to the maturation process but not as serious once a patient reaches adulthood:

answer

thymectomy

question

AIDS patients often have to take many medications, including some to avoid _______ infections.

answer

Opportunistic

question

Lymphomas are generally treatable with ______ and ________.

answer

- chemotherapy - radiation

question

Identify the combining term thym(o) with its closest definition ____________.

answer

thymus

question

Immunoglobulin is a synonym for ______.

answer

antibody

question

Identify the combining term lymph(o) with its closest definition ____________.

answer

lymph

question

The organ of the lymph system that serves as a filter is the

answer

spleen

question

Thymosin distributes:

answer

T cells

question

Allergies are often caused by:

answer

antigens

question

Identify the combining term aden(o) with its closest definition ____________.

answer

gland

question

A common cancer of the lymph system is

answer

lymphoma

question

Lymph nodes assist in the

answer

immune response

question

Identify the combining term tox(o) with its closest definition ____________.

answer

Poison

question

This system transports lymph from the tissues throughout the body and returns fluids to circulation.

answer

lymphatic

question

A disease-causing agent is a (n)

answer

pathogen

question

The HIV virus is transmitted by:

answer

blood

question

An organ of the lymph system is the

answer

spleen

question

Lymph cells, or lymphocytes, produce specialized proteins that help fight disease, known as:

answer

antibodies

question

Identify the combining term immun(o) with its closest definition ____________.

answer

immunity

question

The smallest organ of the lymphatic system is the:

answer

Thymus

question

A physician that specializes in diagnosing and treating allergic reactions is a(n) _____.

answer

allergist

question

This is cancer of the lymph system usually diagnosed in early adulthood _______________.

answer

Hodgkin's lymphoma

question

Lymph nodes assist in the

answer

immune response

question

The first antigen to be produced after an infection is

answer

Immunoglobulin M

question

A protein that is produced by T cells is called:

answer

Lymphokines

question

HIV can be transmitted

answer

- during birth - via sexual contact - in infected blood

question

This is an x-ray of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes _______________.

answer

lymphangiogram

question

An abnormal reaction to an allergen is called ____________.

answer

hypersensitivity

question

Removal of the thymus is a _______________.

answer

thymectomy

question

Lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or cells within the body infected with viruses are:

answer

Cytotoxic cells

question

Which of the following is not considered to be an autoimmune disease?

answer

Osteoarthritis

question

The helper cell:

answer

Stimulates immune response

question

The fluid that circulates through the lymph system is:

answer

Lymph

question

This is a severe response to an allergen, symptoms develop quickly and if the health care provider does not act quickly, death can occur _______________.

answer

anaphylaxis

question

Antibodies are produced by:

answer

B Lymphocytes

question

Hodgkin's lymphoma is caused by:

answer

Unknown

question

The two types of acquired active immunity are _________ and ________.

answer

active, humoral

question

A substance which produces an allergic reaction is a(n) ___________.

answer

allergen

question

Cytotoxic cells perform which of the following functions?

answer

Aid in the destruction of infected cells.

question

This immunoglobulin is found in breast milk, nasal fluid, tears, sweat and gastric juices __________.

answer

Immunoglobin A

question

Humoral immunity is provided by ____________________ cells.

answer

T

question

Disease-causing agents are known as:

answer

pathogens

question

Which of the following are true of macrophages?

answer

They trap and filter cellular debris.

question

Substances that fight disease in the lymph and immune systems are

answer

antobodies

question

Identify the combining term lymhangi(o) with its closest definition ____________.

answer

lymph vessel

question

This agent suppresses the immune response _______________.

answer

immunosuppressant

question

The health care provider explains to the patient a lymphadenectomy is the

answer

removal of a lymph node

Medical Terminology – Ch. 13 – Flashcards

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