Medical Terminology – Ch. 13 – Flashcards
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How is the lymphatic system similar to both the cardiovascular and blood systems?
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It involves a network of vessels that transports fluid around the body
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Has the ability to leave the blood capillaries and enter the cellular areas of the body:
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Plasma
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Once plasma leaves the vascular system it is known as....
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Interstitial fluid
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Serves as a drainage system to remove fluid from the cellular areas, and concentrates foreign substances to assist the immune system:
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Lymphatic system
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Lymph
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Fluid that contains white blood cells and other substances and flows in the lymphatic vessels.
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Lymphatic pathways
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The vessels that transport lymph (the fluid of the lymphatic system) around the body. The smallest parts of these pathways are the microscopic capillaries located in the capillary beds of the body. The capillary beds are thin-walled vessels that receive fluid and debris from the bloodstream. Once inside the beds, the fluid is known as lymph
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Lymphatic Vessels
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The lymph travels throughout the lymphatic vessels in one direction only—back toward the heart. Lymphatic vessels contain valves that prevent backflow of lymph. As the vessels approach the heart, they carry more fluid and are larger in size.
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Lymph node
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Specialized organ that filters harmful substances from the tissues and assists in the immune response. The lymph passes through many lymph nodes for filtering so that it is ready for transferring back to the vascular system. Lymph nodes are located throughout the body except in the central nervous system. They are quite numerous near the joints of the body. The major groups of lymph nodes are located in the throat (the tonsils and adenoids are actually lymph tissue), neck, axilla (armpit), mediastinum, and groin.
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Spleen
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Organ of lymph system that filters and stores blood, removes old red blood cells, and activates lymphocytes. It is the largest lymphatic organ
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Thymus gland
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Soft gland with two lobes that is involved in immune responses; located in mediastinum. It is large during infancy and early childhood when immunity is most crucial, but gradually shrinks until it becomes connective tissue in adulthood (when the body has acquired other types of immunities).
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T Cells (T Lymphocytes)
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Specialized white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus, are responsible for cellular immunity, and assist with humoral immunity.
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B Lymphocytes, B Cells
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A kind of lymphocyte that manufactures antibodies.
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Thymosin
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Hormone secreted by the thymus gland that aids in distribution of thymocytes (T lymphocyte) and lymphocytes.
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aden(o)
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gland
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immun(o)
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immunity
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lymph(o)
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lymph
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Lymphaden(o)
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lymph nodes
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lymphangi(o)
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lymphatic vessels
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splen(o)
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spleen
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thym(o)
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thymus
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tox(o), toxi, toxico
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poison
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The lymphatic pathways are the vessels that transport _______ (the fluid of the lymphatic system) around the body.
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lymph
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Located along the _______ lymphatic vessels are the , small lumps of lymphatic tissue that serve as collecting points to filter the lymph.
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lymph nodes
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The largest lymphatic organ, the _______, is located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity, where unfortunately it can easily be injured and ruptured.
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spleen
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a two-lobed, soft gland located in the thoracic cavity.
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thymus gland
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The thymus gland contains a high number of _______
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T lymphocytes or T cells
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The thymus gland contains a decreased number of _______
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B lymphocytes or B cells
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Where some lymphocytes acquire the marker that makes them T Lymphocytes:
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Thymus gland
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T cells provide immunity after they leave the thymus. Their movement is aided by _______, a hormone secreted by the thymus.
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Thymosin
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T Cells
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Aids in cellular and humoral immunity
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Lymph Cells
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Filters toxins
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B Lymphocytes
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Manufactures antibodies
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Thymosin
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Aids in distribution of thymocytes and lymphocytes
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Other systems that play a significant role in the functions of the immune system:
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- reticuloendothelial system (RES) - hematopoietic system - mononuclear phagocytic system (or phagocytic system) - lymphoid system
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Responsible for the production of the blood cells in the bone marrow:
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hematopoietic system
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Blood cells:
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- Erythrocytes (RBC) - Leukocytes (WBC) - Thrombocytes (platelets)
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Parts that the immune system and lymphatic system share:
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- lymph nodes - spleen - thymus gland
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The immune system consists of ______
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all the processes that perform a series of defenses to protect from and respond to disease
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The leukocytes include:
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- lymphocytes - monocytes - granulocytes
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The RES and phagocytic systems provide the phagocytes of the tissues and the phagocytes of the blood that are called _____ and _______.
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Macrophages and microphages
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Phagocytes remove foreign particles from the body by the process of _________, the internalization or "eating" of the particles and the digestion of the particles for presentation to the appropriate cells of the immune system.
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Phagocytosis
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The B cells are responsible for the production of ______ (also called immunoglobulins), i.e., the humoral response.
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antibodies
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Disease causing agents:
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Pathogens
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Stop pathogens that try to enter the body:
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- Skin - cilia in the nostrils - various mucous membranes
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In the bloodstream, certain substances called _______ may provoke an immune response to certain diseases.
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antigens
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The special cells that ingest foreign substances:
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Phagocytes
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A pathogen is _____
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a disease causing agent
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The tonsils and skin serve to _____ from disease
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Protect
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The T cells signal the B cells to ______
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produce antibodies
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the body has specific defenses of the immune system called _______ that provide resistance to particular pathogens.
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immunity
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Lis the 3 Major types of immunity:
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1. Natural immunity 2. Acquired active immunity 3. acquired passive immunity
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the human body's natural resistance to certain diseases:
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natural immunity
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The body develops _______ either by having a disease and producing natural antibodies to it or by being vaccinated against the disease.
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acquired active immunity
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the injection of an antigen, a substance that provokes an immune response from an organism that causes active immunity via the production of antibodies. This substance is called a vaccine
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immunization or vaccination
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a substance that provokes an immune response from an organism that causes active immunity via the production of antibodies:
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antigen
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injection of an antigen:
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vaccine
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List the 2 types of immunity:
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1. Humoral immunity 2. Cell-mediated immunity
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active immunity provided by plasma, that produces antibodies called immunoglobulins:
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humoral immunity
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Immunoglobin effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins:
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Immunoglobin G (IgG)
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Immunoglobin common is exocrine gland secretions, such as breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juice:
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Immunoglobin A (IgA)
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immunoglobin that transfers immunity from mother to infant through breast milk:
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Immunoglobin A
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Immunoglobin that develops in the blood plasma in response to certain antigens within the body or from foreign sources:
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Immunoglobin M (IgM)
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This is the first antibody to be produced after infection:
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Immunoglobin M
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Immunoglobin important in B cell activation, which helps immunity by transforming itself into a plasma cell in the presence of a specific type of antigen:
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Immunoglobin D (IgD)
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Immunoglobin that appears in glandular secretions and is associated with allergic reactions:
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Immunoglobin E (IgE)
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acquired active immunity that is provided by the action of T cells:
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Cell-mediated immunity
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How do the T cells respond to antigens?
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By multiplying rapidly and producing proteins called lymphokines, that have antiviral properties that affect the actions of other cells in the body.
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List 2 lymphokines:
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1. interferons 2. interleukins
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Produce substances to stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma cells and to produce antibodies:
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T cells
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List the 3 types of other specialized T Cells:
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1. helper cells 2. cytotoxic cells 3. suppressor cells
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CD4 cells that stimulate the immune response:
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helper cells
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CD8 cells that help in the destruction of infected cells:
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cytotoxic cells
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T cells (mainly CD8 and some CD4) that suppress B cells and other immune cells:
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suppressor cells
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immunity provided in the form of antibodies or antitoxins that have been developed in another person or another species:
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acquired passive immunity
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When is acquired passive immunity necessary?
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in cases of snakebites and tetanus or any problem where immediate immunity is needed
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When immediate immunity is needed, a dose of _______ (antibody directed against specific toxins) is given to provide antibodies:
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antitoxin
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may also be administered to lessen the chance of catching a disease or to lessen the severity of the course of the disease:
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passive immunity
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a preparation of collected antibodies given to prevent or lessen certain diseases, such as hepatitis A, varicella, and rabies:
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gamma globulin
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____ is removal of the spleen
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spleenectomy
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An agent that suppresses the immune response is an _______
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immunosuppressor
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Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels is _____
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lymphangitis
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Glandular cancer is ______
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adenocarcinoma
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A ____ is a white blood cell associated with the immune response
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lymphocyte
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Systemic poisoning is ____
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toxicosis
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_____ is a disease affecting the lymph nodes
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lymphadenopathy
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Removal of the thymus is a ______
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thymectomy
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T cell:
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Lymphocyte associated with cellular immunity
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Pathogen:
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Disease-causing agent
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immunoglobulin E:
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Antibody associated with allergic reaction
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IgD:
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Antibody important in B-cell activation
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helper cell:
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T cell that stimulates antibody production
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cytotoxic cell:
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T cell that helps destroy foreign cells or substances
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Suppressor cell:
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T cell that regulates the amounts of antibody
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Antitoxin:
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Helps produce resistance to a disease or a poison
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Antibody:
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Protein produced by B cells that fight foreign cells
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Gamma globulin:
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Agent given to prevent or lessen disease
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Why would researchers want to produce a vaccine?
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to prevent disease
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What form of immunity might a vaccination provide?
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Acquired
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is diagnosed mainly with two blood serum tests, ______ and ________.
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- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or enzyme immunoassay (EIA) - Western blot
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The ELISA test for __________
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The antibody to the HIV virus
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A Western Blot determines if _______ is present.
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HIV antibodies are present
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An analysis of _______ blood cells can help diagnose lymph and immune system diseases
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white
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A(n) _______ is an immune overresponse to a stimulus.
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allergy
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The most widespread virus that attacks the immune system is the __________, a virus spread by sexual contact, exchange of bodily fluids, or intravenous exposure.
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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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The most widespread immunosuppressive disease, that suppresses the ability of the immune system to defend against infection:
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AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
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The HIV virus is a type of _____
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retrovirus
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a ribonucleic acid (RNA) that causes reversal of normal cell copying:
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retrovirus
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AIDS patients are subject to a number of ________, infections that a healthy immune system can easily fight off but take hold because of the lowered immune response.
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opportunistic infections
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Allergies involve a(n) _____ response
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hypersensitive
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Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the ______ attacks some of the body's cells
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T Cells
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AIDS is a disease of the _____ system
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immune
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Mrs. Jones was diagnosed with AIDS six months ago. She now presents with PCP and herpes. She states she does not understand how she got these infections as she has been working hard to stay healthy. Explain to Mrs. Jones why these infections occur.
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These are opportunistic diseases. They take hold because of lowered immune response.
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_______, cancer of the lymph nodes, is a relatively common cancer with high cure rates.
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lymphoma
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AIDS patients are susceptible to lymphomas because....
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of their lowered immune systems
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List the 2 most common types of lymphomas:
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1. Hodgkin's lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease) 2. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
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a type of lymph cancer of uncertain origin hat generally appears in early adulthood:
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Hodgkin's lymphoma/disease
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A cancer of the lymph nodes with some cells resembling healthy cells and spreading in a diffuse pattern:
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non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
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tumor of the thymus gland:
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thymoma
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malignancy of the lymph nodes and spleen:
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Hodgkin's lymphoma
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enlarged spleen:
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splenomegaly
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overactive spleen:
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hypersplenism
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enlarged lymph nodes, splenomegaly, and hypersplenism characterize this disease:
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Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma os a disease with malignant cells that resemble ______ or large macrophages called ______
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- large lymphocytes (lymphocytic lymphoma) - histiocytes (histiocytic lymphoma)
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Nonmalignant lesions on the lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, skin, and liver can indicate the presence of ________, an inflammatory condition that can affect lung function.
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sarcoidosis
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swollen lymph nodes:
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lymphadenopathy
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swollen lymph nodes can also indicate the presence of ______, an acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
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infectious mononucleosis
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Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory condition of the ______ system.
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lymph
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Splenomegaly is a symptom of _______ system disease.
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spleen
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This disease is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus:
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mononucleosis
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the spread of the disease:
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metastis
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The client has been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Explain to the client and family the difference between Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: cancer of the lymph nodes with some cells resembling healthy cells and spreading in a diffuse pattern. - Hodgkin's lymphoma: lymph cancer of uncertain origin that generally appears in early childhood.
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hypersensitivity increases as exposure increases, sometimes resulting in _______ (or anaphylactic reaction or shock), a reaction so severe that it can be life-threatening by decreasing blood pressure, affecting breathing, and causing loss of consciousness.
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anaphylaxis
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The immune system can also turn against its own healthy tissue. __________, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma, result from the proliferation of T cells that react as though they were fighting a virus, but are actually destroying healthy cells.
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autoimmune diseases
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often result from the body's need to fight an actual infection, during which the immune system becomes overactive:
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autoimmune responses
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Allergies involve a ________ response.
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allergen
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______ occurs when the immune system attacks healthy tissue.
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autoimmune diseases
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If someone is highly allergic to bee stings, _______ can occur.
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anaphylaxis
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You are explaining to the parents of a child with a peanut allergy the importance of watching his diet very closely and the need to recognize an allergic reaction. What symptoms will you tell the child's parents to look for?
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Itching, rash, difficulty breathing
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removal of cancerous lymph nodes from the lymph system for microscopic examination:
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lymph node dissection
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removal of a lymph node:
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lymphadenectomy
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an incision into a lymph node:
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lymphadenotomy
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removal of the spleen:
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splenectomy
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removal of the thymus gland, which is very important to the maturation process but not as serious once a patient reaches adulthood:
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thymectomy
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AIDS patients often have to take many medications, including some to avoid _______ infections.
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Opportunistic
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Lymphomas are generally treatable with ______ and ________.
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- chemotherapy - radiation
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Identify the combining term thym(o) with its closest definition ____________.
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thymus
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Immunoglobulin is a synonym for ______.
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antibody
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Identify the combining term lymph(o) with its closest definition ____________.
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lymph
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The organ of the lymph system that serves as a filter is the
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spleen
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Thymosin distributes:
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T cells
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Allergies are often caused by:
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antigens
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Identify the combining term aden(o) with its closest definition ____________.
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gland
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A common cancer of the lymph system is
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lymphoma
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Lymph nodes assist in the
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immune response
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Identify the combining term tox(o) with its closest definition ____________.
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Poison
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This system transports lymph from the tissues throughout the body and returns fluids to circulation.
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lymphatic
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A disease-causing agent is a (n)
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pathogen
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The HIV virus is transmitted by:
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blood
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An organ of the lymph system is the
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spleen
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Lymph cells, or lymphocytes, produce specialized proteins that help fight disease, known as:
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antibodies
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Identify the combining term immun(o) with its closest definition ____________.
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immunity
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The smallest organ of the lymphatic system is the:
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Thymus
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A physician that specializes in diagnosing and treating allergic reactions is a(n) _____.
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allergist
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This is cancer of the lymph system usually diagnosed in early adulthood _______________.
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Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Lymph nodes assist in the
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immune response
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The first antigen to be produced after an infection is
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Immunoglobulin M
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A protein that is produced by T cells is called:
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Lymphokines
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HIV can be transmitted
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- during birth - via sexual contact - in infected blood
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This is an x-ray of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes _______________.
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lymphangiogram
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An abnormal reaction to an allergen is called ____________.
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hypersensitivity
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Removal of the thymus is a _______________.
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thymectomy
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Lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or cells within the body infected with viruses are:
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Cytotoxic cells
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Which of the following is not considered to be an autoimmune disease?
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Osteoarthritis
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The helper cell:
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Stimulates immune response
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The fluid that circulates through the lymph system is:
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Lymph
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This is a severe response to an allergen, symptoms develop quickly and if the health care provider does not act quickly, death can occur _______________.
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anaphylaxis
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Antibodies are produced by:
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B Lymphocytes
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Hodgkin's lymphoma is caused by:
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Unknown
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The two types of acquired active immunity are _________ and ________.
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active, humoral
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A substance which produces an allergic reaction is a(n) ___________.
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allergen
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Cytotoxic cells perform which of the following functions?
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Aid in the destruction of infected cells.
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This immunoglobulin is found in breast milk, nasal fluid, tears, sweat and gastric juices __________.
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Immunoglobin A
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Humoral immunity is provided by ____________________ cells.
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T
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Disease-causing agents are known as:
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pathogens
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Which of the following are true of macrophages?
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They trap and filter cellular debris.
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Substances that fight disease in the lymph and immune systems are
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antobodies
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Identify the combining term lymhangi(o) with its closest definition ____________.
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lymph vessel
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This agent suppresses the immune response _______________.
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immunosuppressant
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The health care provider explains to the patient a lymphadenectomy is the
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removal of a lymph node
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