Med Micro- Exam 1-Beck – Flashcards
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| Steps of Gram Stain |
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| 1) Crystal Violet 2)Iodine (mordant) 3)Alcohol 4)Saphranin |
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| Steps of Endospore stain |
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| 1) Malachite Green 2) Steam (mordant) 3) Water 4) Saphranin |
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| Steps of Acid Fast Stain |
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| 1) Carbolfuschin 2) Steam 3) Acid-alcohol 4) Methylene blue |
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| Negative stain |
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| acidic dye |
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| Capsule stain |
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| negative stain followed by a simple stain |
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| Four different types of media |
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| nonselective, selective, differential, specialized |
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| Levels of resistance |
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| Sensitive, intermediate and resistant |
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| Cytopathic effect |
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| viral host cell damage due to viral overload, cytocidal effects, and noncytocidal effects |
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| Polyclonal antibody |
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| recognize multiple epitopes |
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| Monoclonal antibody |
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| recognize one epitope |
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| Primary antibody |
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| bind to the desired antigen |
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| Secondary antibody |
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| bind to another specific kind of antibody |
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| Three methods of Antibody Labelling |
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| fluorescent dyes, enzyme labels, and gold particles |
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| Fluorescent antibodies |
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| labelled antibodies bind to specific things in sample |
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| Serotyping |
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| use of antibodies to break organisms into groups |
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| Flow cytometry |
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| living cells are sent down a thin tube where a visual detector looks at specific properties |
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| ELISA |
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| Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay enzyme is attached to an antibody to determine if it binds to specific antibodies or antigens |
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| Antibody Chromatography |
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| modified ELISA |
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| Western Blot |
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| purified protein is run thru a protein gel, transferred to a membrane and incubated with a specific antibody |
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| IgM |
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| first response antibody |
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| Minimum significant dilution |
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| 1:64 |
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| Gel electrophoresis |
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| direct detection of DNA |
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| Probes |
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| fragments of DNA that can be used to look for specific sequences |
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| In Situ Hybridization |
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| location of certain DNA within the tissue |
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| Southern Blot |
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| probe for DNA after gel electrophoresis |
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| Northern Blot |
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| probe for RNA |
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| Microarray |
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| unknown DNA is labelled and allowed to hybridize with DNA on the chip |
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| PCR |
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| polymerase chain reaction logarithmic multiplication of DNA samples |
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| RT-PCR |
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| reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction copy RNA to DNA then perform regular PCR |
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| Nested PCR |
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| sequential PCR using two sets of primer, one internal to the first |
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| Multiplex PCR |
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| multiple PCRs performed in the same tube |
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| Real Time PCR |
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| fluorescent probes immediately detect product DNA |
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| RFLP |
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| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Cut DNA samples with restriction enzyme then compare banding patterns |
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| PFGE |
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| Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis used to visualize very large DNA fragments |
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| Most abundant bacteria in the mouth |
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| Veillonella parvula |
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| Microbial Antagonism |
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| 1) blockage of binding sites 2) sequestering of nutrients 3) pH and O2 variation 4) antimicrobial production |
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| Infection |
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| presence of an infectious organism |
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| Disease |
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| any negative change in a person's health |
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| Etiology |
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| study of the cause of disease |
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| Microbial flora |
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| microorganisms located on/in the body |
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| Acute disease |
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| symptoms develop quickly, but only last a short time |
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| Chronic disease |
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| symptoms develop slowly, but persist for a long time |
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| Latent disease |
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| symptoms continue to reappear long after the initial infection |
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| focal infection |
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| initial site of a spreading infection |
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| septicemia |
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| organisms multiplying in the blood |
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| Periods of Disease |
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| 1) Incubation 2) Prodromal 3) Illness 4) Decline 5) Convalescence |
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| Incubation Period |
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| pathogen enters body and begins growing |
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| Prodromal period |
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| first symptoms appear |
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| Period of Illness |
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| major symptoms occur |
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| Period of Decline |
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| decline of symptoms |
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| Period of Convalescence |
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| major symptoms have disappeared and patient is beginning to return to preinfection state |
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| Septic shock |
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| massive leakage of plasma that causes blood pressure to plummet and the blood to clot |
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| MODS |
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| Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome |
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| SIRS |
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| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome |
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| DIC |
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| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
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| Candy Jar Disease |
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| a disease unrelated to the normal transmission cycle |
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| Alternate host |
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| an accidental host which may or may not be able to transmit an infection |
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| Incidence |
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| number of new cases over a specific period of time |
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| Prevalence |
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| total number of people infected at any one time |
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| Endemic |
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| a constantly present disease in a population |
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| Sporadic |
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| occurs as a small number of isolated cases |
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| Epidemic |
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| very high incidence rate of disease in a population |
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| Pandemic |
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| worldwide epidemic |
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| Reservoirs of infection |
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| sites in which viable infectious organisms persist |
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| Modes of Transmission |
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| Contact Vector Vehicle |
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| Direct contact transmission types |
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| horizontal or vertical |
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| Indirect contact transmission types |
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| fomites or droples |
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| Vehicles |
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| inanimate objects such as water, air, food, blood and drugs |
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| Vectors |
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| living agents of disease transmission, whether by mechanical or biological transmission |
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| 7 Control Measures |
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| Animal Control, Vector Control, Sterilization of Fomites, Treatment, Immunization, Education, and Quarantine |
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| XXDR-TB |
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| extremely drug resistant tuberculosis |
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| Five main groups of Eubacteria associated with infection |
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| Spirochetes, Chlamydia, Actinobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and Proteobacteria |
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| Gram + Cell Wall |
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| thick peptidoglycan covers cell membrane and contains teichoic acid |
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| Gram - Cell Wall |
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| Thin peptidoglycan between two membranes, the outer containing LPS |
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| Acid Fast Cell Wall |
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| membrane coated in peptidoglycan, fatty acids and a capsule-like material |
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| Endospores |
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| dormant form of G+ bacteria that are resistant to most errthang |
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| Microsporidia |
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| Obligate intracellular parasites that are very simple with small genomes and mitochondrial remnants |
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| Amoebazoa |
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| move by pseudopodia |
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| Ciliophora |
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| ciliates; only parasitic is Balantinidium coli |
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| Archaezoa |
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| flagellate with mitosomes |
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| Euglenozoa |
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| flagellates that are disk-shaped and are either euglenoids or hemoflagellates |
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| Sporozoa |
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| non-motile obligate parasites like Plasmodium |
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| Fungi |
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| spore-forming, heterophilic, eukaryotes |
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| Teleomorph |
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| sexual phase of fungi |
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| Anamorph |
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| asexual phase of fungi |
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| Helminths |
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| worms |
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| Platyhelminths |
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| flatworms |
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| Trematodes |
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| flukes; have leaf-shaped bodies w/ ventral and oral suckers |
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| Cestodes |
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| tapeworms; head has suckers and body is made of proglottids |
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| Nematodes |
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| roundworms |
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| Number 1 vector of infectious disease |
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| Mosquitoes |
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| Sand flies |
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| spread Leishmania |
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| Reuviid bug |
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| kissing bug; spreads CHagas disease |
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| Black flies |
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| spread River Blindness |
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| Myiasis |
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| invasion of tissue with dipterous larva which feed upon living or dead tissue |
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| Dermatobia hominis |
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| fly which lays eggs on mosquitoes, which transport the larva to humans, where they bore into the skin |
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| Properties of viruses |
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| 1) obligate intracellular parasites 2) DNA or RNA genome 3) uses host cell machinery to make viral components 4) has an extracellular infectious phase |
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| Satellite virus |
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| parasitizes another virus (the helper virus) E.g. Hepatitis D |
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| Nucleocapsid |
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| capsid and nucleic acid of a virus |
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| Most common viral shape? |
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| Icosohedral |
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| Steps of the Viral Life Cycle |
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| 1) Attachment 2) Penetration 3) Uncoating 4) Synthesis 5) Maturation/Assembly 6) Release |
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| +RNA |
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| equivalent to mRNA, it may be infectious alone |
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| -RNA |
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| equivalent to DNA, it must be accompanied by replication proteins and a genome |
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| Latency Protein |
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| keeps the virus inactive/reactivates it |
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| Integrase |
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| protein responsible for inserting the viral genome into the host cell genome |
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| Prions |
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| infectious proteins which lack a genetic component and affect the brain |
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| PrP* |
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| infectious form of a protein which converts normal PrPc into PrP* |
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| Capnophilic |
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| require levels of CO2 higher than that of air |
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| Psychrophile |
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| grows well at 15 degrees Celsius or below |
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| Mesophile |
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| Optimal growth between 25-45 Celsius (human pathogens) |
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| Transformation |
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| uptake and incorporation of free DNA |
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| Transduction |
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| uptake and incorporation of DNA via viral vector |
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| Conjugation |
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| uptake and incorporation of plasmid DNA |
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| Innate immunity |
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| nonspecific host immunity |
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| Adaptive immunity |
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| specific host defenses acquired after exposure to an infectious agent |
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| IgM |
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| first antibodies to appear after initial exposure |
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| IgG |
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| most abundant antibody class; only one transported across the placenta |
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| IgA |
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| most abundant antibody class in mucous and other secretions |
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| sIgA |
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| dimeric IgA that binds secretory peptide |
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| Colostrum |
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| fluid secreted by breasts at the start of lactation |
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| IgE |
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| bound to specific cells and involved in allergic type reactions |
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| Cell-mediated responses do three things: |
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| 1. stimulate an immune response 2. Phagocytosis 3. Secretion of digestive enzymes and compounds |
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| Four essential roles of inflammation |
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| 1. Activation of immune cells 2. Delivery of effector molecules to the site of infection 3. Microvascular coagulation 4. Repair of injured tissue |
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| Four methods of microbial antagonism: |
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| 1. Block binding sites 2. Compete for nutrients 3. Affect pH and O2 4. Produce antimicrobial compounds |
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| Primary immune deficiency |
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| results from some mutation |
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| Secondary immune deficiency |
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| result of some acute or chronic infection |
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| Diabetes mellitus |
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| most common secondary immunodeficiency; occurs after infection of beta cells by enterovirus |
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| Complement deficiency |
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| lack of complement leads to increased diseases, especially Neisseria gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitidis |
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| Rheumatoid arthritis |
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| caused by an autoantibody produced in the synovial fluid of the joints |
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| Glomerulonephritis |
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| occurs after infection with Group A streptococci |
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| Bacteriocidal |
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| cause the direct killing of microbes |
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| Bacteriostatic |
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| stop further growth of the organism |
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| Bacteriolytic |
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| cause the cells to literally burst |
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| Six factors effecting the effectiveness of antimicrobials |
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| Number of microbes concentration duration of exposure environmental factors endospore formation temperature |
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| Sterilization |
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| complete killing of all vegetative cells AND endospores |
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| Disinfection |
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| killing of vegetative cells on an inanimate surface |
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| Sanitation |
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| removal of dirt and dust from a surface |
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| Antisepsis |
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| killing of vegetative cells on a biological surface |
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| Three purposes of antimicrobials |
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| 1. Preservation 2. Chemotherapy 3. Decontamination |
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| Physical means of control |
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| Heat, filtration and radiation |
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| Autoclaving |
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| 121 degrees Celsius at 15 lb/square inch for 30 minutes to kill all cells and spores |
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| Amphotericin B |
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| isolated from Streptomyces, it is the drug of choice for Candida albicans |
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| Gene casettes |
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| sets of genes that move as a group |
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| Blood Agar Plate |
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| differential for hemolysis alpha - green zone beta - clear zone gamma - no zone |
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| Columbia CNA Agar |
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| enriched with Colistin and Nalidixic Acid to inhibit G- bacteria Same hemolysis results as BAP |
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| MacConkey Agar |
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| contains lactose pink + |
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| MAC-S Agar |
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| contains sorbitol pink + |
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| Oxidase Test |
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| used to identify Pseudomonads purple paper + |
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| Catalase Test |
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| used to ID G+ Staph & Strep breakdown of H2O2 to O2 + |
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| Bacitracin |
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| Group A strep - S Group C step - R |
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| Coagulase |
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| test for Staph aureus add bacteria to rabbit serum, watch for clumping + |
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| Salt Broth |
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| tests halotolerance yellow + purple - |
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| Optochin |
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| Strep pneumoniae - S |
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| Bile Esculin |
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| tests for Esculin hydrolysis black precipitate + (enterococcus) no precip - |
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| PYR test |
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| ID Group A streptococcus place disks on plate & add bacteria pink + |
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| Tinsdale Tellurite Agar |
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| Potassium tellurite inhibits all BUT Corynebacterium diphteriae cause a brown precipitate w/ halo |
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| Egg Yolk Agar |
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| Lecithinase: ID's bacillus (opaque precip +) Lipase: (oil on water sheen +) Protease: (clear zone +) |
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| Starch Agar |
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| amylase test add 0.5x iodine (clearing +) |
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| Phenol Red Carbohydrate Broth |
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| Durem tube - measures CO2 production (G) yellow +/A orange - pink -/K |
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| Motility Media |
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| Listeria forms an umbrella (only motile at microaerophilic environment) |
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| KIA |
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| glucose (bottom) and lactose (top): yellow +/A, red -/K Gas production +/G H2S: black precipitate + |
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| Group A |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes |
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| Group B |
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| Streptococcus agalactiae |
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| Group D |
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| Streptococcus bovis |
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| Novobiocin |
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| test for Staph. saprophyticus-R |
