Mastering Microbiology chapter 18 – Flashcards
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When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later?
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Memory cytotoxic T cells
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Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?
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Attenuated live vaccine
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What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine?
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These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.
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The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)
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inactivated killed vaccine.
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What is the function of boosters?
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Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.
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The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?
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Subunit vaccine
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hybridoma
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is obtained When cancerous B cells are fused with antibody-producing normal B cells, a(n)
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myelomas
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B cells that become cancerous
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monoclonal antibodies
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Antibodies that are produced in vitro by a clone of B cells hybridized with cancer cells
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What is the function of myeloma cells used in the production of monoclonal antibodies?
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They are immortal cells capable of continuous growth.
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Which step in the production of monoclonal antibodies must necessarily precede all other steps in the process?
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A specific antigen is used to induce production of a specific antibody.
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Monoclonal antibodies
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can attach to a target cell while carrying a diagnostic marker or anticellular toxin
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Patient's serum, influenza virus, and red blood cells are mixed in a tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies against influenza virus?
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hemagglutination-inhibition
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Which of the following are sources of antibodies for serological testing?
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vaccinated animals and cells producing monoclonal antibodies
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Which of the following is a test to determine a patient's blood type by mixing the patient's red blood cells with antisera?
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direct agglutination reaction
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Which of the following is a test to determine the presence of soluble antigens in a patient's saliva?
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precipitation reaction
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Monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnostic tests and disease treatments because they
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are highly specific and they can be produced in large quantities.
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Which item is from the patient in a direct ELISA test?
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antigen
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Agglutination
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reactions are used to detect antibodies for relatively large pathogens, such as bacteria. For these tests, the antigen is mixed with the test sample at various dilutions. Reaction mixes are then monitored for the formation of visible aggregates.
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of live attenuated vaccine agents?
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They occasionally revert to virulent forms.
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Isolated and purified hepatitis B virus surface antigen can be used in a(n)
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subunit vaccine.
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All of the following are generally used in vaccines EXCEPT
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antibodies
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A vaccine against HIV proteins made by a genetically-engineered vaccinia virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell line is a(n)
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subunit vaccine.
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What type of vaccine is the live, weakened measles virus?
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attenuated whole-agent vaccine
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Live weakened polio virus can be used directly in a(n)
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attenuated whole-agent vaccine
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A DNA plasmid encoding a protein antigen from West Nile virus is injected into muscle cells of a horse. This is an example of a(n)
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nucleic acid vaccine.
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Toxoid vaccines, such as the vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, elicit a(n)
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antibody response against these bacterial toxins.
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using live attenuated vaccines?
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They are usually safer than other types of vaccines.
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What is an adjuvant?
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a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines
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Purified protein from Bordetella pertussis is used in a(n)
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subunit vaccine.
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What is the purpose of conjugated vaccines?
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to enhance the immune response of children to polysaccharide antigens
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Inactivated tetanus toxin is a(n)
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toxoid vaccine.
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Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diphtheria toxoid is a(n)
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conjugated vaccine.
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Dead Bordetella pertussis can be used in a(n)
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inactivated whole-agent vaccine.
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Western blotting is best used for which of the following?
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to detect a specific protein in a mixture
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Which of the following is a pregnancy test used to find the fetal hormone HCG in a woman's urine using anti-HCG and latex spheres?
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indirect agglutination reaction
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A reaction between an antibody and soluble antigen-forming lattices is called a(n)
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precipitation reaction.
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Palivizumab is used to treat respiratory syncytial virus disease. This antiviral drug is a(n)
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monoclonal antibody.
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Which of the following tests is MOST useful in determining the presence of AIDS antibodies?
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indirect ELISA
