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Afferent nerves (AF-fer-ent)

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Sensory nerves that link sensory receptors with the central nervous system and transmit sensory information.

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Autonomic nervous system (aw-toe-NOM-ik)

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A division of the peripheral nervous system composed of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the glands, heart, and smooth muscles to maintain the internal body environment.

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Cranial nerves

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Twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the olfactory bulbs, thalamus, visual cortex, and brainstem. They transmit information to and from the sensory organs of the face and the muscles of the face, neck, and upper shoulders, as well as organs of the thorax and abdomen.

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Dermatome (DER-mah-tohm)

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A cutaneous (skin) section supplied by a single spinal nerve. Efferent nerves (EF-fer-ent) Motor nerves that transmit motor impulses; they link the central nervous system to the effectors outside it.

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Enteric nervous system (ENS)

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A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which directly controls the gastrointestinal system.

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Free nerve endings

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Sensory receptors that detect itch and tickle sensations.

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Kinesthesia (kin-uhs-THEE-zhuh)

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Sense of movement of body parts.

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Mechanical receptors

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Sensory receptors that detect changes in pressure, movement, temperature, or other mechanical forces.

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Mixed nerves

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Nerves that contain sensory and motor axons.

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Myasthenia gravis (my-uhs-THEE-nee-uh)

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A disease that usually affects muscles in the face, lips, tongue, neck, and throat but can affect any muscle group.

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Myotome (MY-o-tohm)

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A skeletal muscle or group of skeletal muscles that receives motor axons from a particular spinal nerve.

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Neurovascular bundle

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A spinal nerve, artery, deep vein, and deep lymphatic vessel bound together by connective tissue, traveling the same pathway in the body.

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Nerve

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A bundle of axons, dendrites, or both.

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Nociceptors (no-se-SEP-tors)

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Sensory receptors that detect painful or intense stimuli. Parasympathetic nervous system The energy conservation and restorative system associated with what commonly is called the relaxation response.

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Peripheral nervous system (pe-RIF-er-al)

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The system of somatic and autonomic neurons outside the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system comprises the afferent (sensory) division and the efferent (motor) division.

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Plexus (PLEK-sus)

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A network of intertwining nerves that innervates a particular region of the body.

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Polio

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A viral infection, ﬁrst of the intestines and then (for about 1% of exposed persons) of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord.

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Proprioceptors (pro-pree-o-SEP-tors)

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Sensory receptors that provide the body with information about position, movement, muscle tension, joint activity, and equilibrium.

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Reﬂex

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An automatic, involuntary reaction to a stimulus.

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Somatic nervous system (so-MA-tik)

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A system of nerves that keeps the body in balance with its external environment by transmitting impulses among the central nervous system, skeletal muscles, and skin.

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Spinal nerves

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Thirty-one pairs of mixed nerves, originating in the spinal cord and emerging from the vertebral column; they are part of the peripheral nervous system.

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Sympathetic nervous system

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The part of the autonomic nervous system that provides for most of the active function of the body; when the body is under stress, the sympathetic nervous system predominates with ﬁght-or-ﬂight responses.

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Thermal receptors

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Sensory receptors that detect changes in temperature.

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Epineurium connective tissue

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Surrounds the entire nerve•

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Perineurium connective tissue

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Surrounds each fasciculus• Endoneurium : Surrounds and holds each nerve ﬁber

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Endoneurium connective tissue

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Surrounds and holds each nerve ﬁber

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trochlear nerve

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IV are composed mainly of motor nerves, which begin in the midbrain. They innervate the superior oblique eye muscles. The few sensory neurons provide proprioceptive information about eye movement.

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olfactory nerve

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I are sensory and transmit information about taste and smell from the nasal cavity to the cerebrum (into the olfactory bulb of the forem

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facial nerve

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VII have motor ﬁbers that arise in the pons and innervate the muscles that produce facial expression and the glands that release tears and saliva. The sensory ﬁbers carry information about taste to the cerebral cortex. Some of the ﬁbers also relay proprioceptive information about the face and scalp.

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Vestibulocochlear nerve

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VIII are sensory and are divided into two branches. The vestibular branch begins in the semicircular canals of the ear and carries signals for equilibrium to the pons, medulla, and cerebellum. The cochlear branch arises in the organ of Corti and carries impulses for hearing to the pons and medulla.

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Vagus nerve

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X contain sensory and motor neurons. The motor ﬁbers originate in the medulla and carry signals that control the muscles involved in swallowing and speaking. Other motor ﬁbers terminate in the muscles of the digestive and respiratory tracts and in the heart. The sensory ﬁbers arise from the same structures that the motor ﬁbers innervate and carry information about sensations and proprioception of these organs.

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Accessory nerve

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XII arise in the medulla and are primarily motor neurons for speaking, turning the head, and moving the shoulders. The few sensory neurons relay proprioceptive information from these muscles.

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Hypoglossal nerve

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XII originate in the medulla and contain mostly motor neurons, which innervate the tongue and throat. A few sensory neurons carry proprioceptive information from the tongue.

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Glossopharygeal nerve

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IX contain sensory and motor neurons. The sensory ﬁbers extend to the medulla from the pharynx and the tongue; they are concerned primarily with taste. Another sensory ﬁber extends from the carotid sinus in the internal carotid artery and aids in the control of respiration and blood pressure. The motor neurons arise in the medulla and affect saliva production, swallowing, and the gag reﬂex.

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Trigeminal nerve

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V arise in the pons. The motor neurons innervate the muscles involved in chewing. The sensory neurons carry information about sensations and proprioception for the head, face, skin of the face, mucosal linings, eyelids, and tongue. The trigeminal nerves are the largest of the cranial nerves.

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Optic nerve

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II are sensory and transmit information about clarity and ﬁeld of vision from the retina to the midbrain of the cerebrum by way of the thalamus

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Oculomotor nerve

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III are sensory and motor. The sensory portion transmits information about eye movement The motor portion originates in the midbrain and controls all external eye muscles (except the superior oblique and lateral rectus muscles) and pupil contraction and relaxation.

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The abducens nerves

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VI arise in the pons. The motor neurons innervate the lateral rectus eye muscle (an eye abductor). The sensory neurons provide proprioceptive information about eye movement.

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Brachial Plexus

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formed from nerves C5 to T1, is organized into three divisions: the superior, middle, and inferior trunks. These divisions supply the skin and muscles of the upper limbs

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Lumbar Plexus

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The lumbar plexus is composed of nerves L1 to L4.

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Sacral Plexus

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The sacral plexus is created from nerves L5 to S3.

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neuroma,

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a nerve scar called a

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Hyperesthesia

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(excessive sensation)

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• Hypoesthesia

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(decreased sensation)

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Paresthesia

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(numbness, tingling, burning sensation)

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Anesthesia

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(loss of sensation)

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Ansa cervicalis

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Hyoid muscles

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Lesser occipital

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Skin behind and above the earGreater auricularSkin in front of, below, and over the ear and parotid glands

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Transverse cervical

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Skin on the anterior portion of the neck

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PhrenicDiaphragmSupraclavicular

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Skin on the shoulders and upper portion of the chest

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Segmental branches

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Deep neck muscles, midscalenes, and levator scapula muscle

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Dorsoscapular

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Superﬁcial muscles of the scapulaL

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Long thoracic

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Serratus anterior muscle

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Subclavian

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Subclavius muscle

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Suprascapular

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Infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles

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Musculocutaneous

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Biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles; skin

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Subscapular

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Subscapularis and teres major muscles

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Median

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Forearm ﬂexors and palmar surface of the skin of the thumb, index, and middle ﬁngers

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Thoracodorsal

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Latissimus dorsi muscle

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Pectorals

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Pectoralis major and minor muscles

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Axillary

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Deltoid and teres minor muscles and skin

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Radial

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Triceps and forearm extensors, skin of the forearm and hand, and dorsal surface of the thumb, index, and middle ﬁngers

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Medial cutaneous

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Skin of the arm

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Ulnar

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Muscles of the hand and skin of the ring and pinkie ﬁnger

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Iliohypogastric

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Abdominal muscles and skin of the abdomen and buttocks

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Ilioinguinal

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Abdominal muscles and skin of the external genitalia

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Genitofemoral

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Skin of the external genitalia and inguinal region

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Lateral femoral

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Skin of the thigh (except the medial cutaneous portion)

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Femoral

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Hip ﬂexors and extensors and skin of the medial and anterior thigh and medial leg and foot

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Obturator

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Adductor muscles and skin of the medial thigh

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Sacral plexus

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Created from nerves L5 to S3

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Sciatic

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Leg and foot muscles; the skin of the foot, which divides into the tibial and peroneal nerves at the popliteal fossa

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Gluteal

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Buttocks and tensor fasciae latae muscle

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Nerves to hip

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Piriformis, quadratus femoris, rotators, obturator internus, and superior and inferior gemellus

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Posterior femoral

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Skin of the buttocks, perineum, back, cutaneous of the thigh, and leg

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Pudendal

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Muscles and skin of the perineum (may be considered in the coccygeal plexus)

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